Question 1

Homeotic genes

Accepted Answer

A)  encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures. 
B)  are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods. 
C)  are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain. 
D)  encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly. 
E)  are responsible for patterning during plant development. 
A)  encode transcription factors that control the expression of genes responsible for specific anatomical structures. 
B)  are found only in Drosophila and other arthropods. 
C)  are the only genes that contain the homeobox domain. 
D)  encode proteins that form anatomical structures in the fly. 
E)  are responsible for patterning during plant development. A

Question 2

Use the following figure to answer the next few questions.
   
Figure 21.1 Types of DNA sequences in the human genome.
The pie chart in Figure 21.1 represents the relative frequencies of the following in the human genome:
I.repetitive DNA unrelated to transposons
II.repetitive DNA that includes transposons
III.unique noncoding DNA
IV.introns and regulatory sequences
V. exons
-Which region is occupied by exons only (V)?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E A

Question 3

How is a physical map of the genome of an organism achieved?

Accepted Answer

A)  using recombination frequency 
B)  using very high-powered microscopy 
C)  using restriction enzyme cutting sites 
D)  using sequencing of nucleotides 
E)  using DNA fingerprinting via electrophoresis 
A)  using recombination frequency 
B)  using very high-powered microscopy 
C)  using restriction enzyme cutting sites 
D)  using sequencing of nucleotides 
E)  using DNA fingerprinting via electrophoresis C

Question 4

What is proteomics?

Accepted Answer

A)  the linkage of each gene to a particular protein 
B)  the study of the full protein set encoded by a genome 
C)  the totality of the functional possibilities of a single protein 
D)  the study of how amino acids are ordered in a protein 
E)  the study of how a single gene activates many proteins 
A)  the linkage of each gene to a particular protein 
B)  the study of the full protein set encoded by a genome 
C)  the totality of the functional possibilities of a single protein 
D)  the study of how amino acids are ordered in a protein 
E)  the study of how a single gene activates many proteins

Question 5

A multigene family is composed of

Accepted Answer

A)  multiple genes whose products must be coordinately expressed. 
B)  genes whose sequences are very similar and that probably arose by duplication. 
C)  the many tandem repeats such as those found in centromeres and telomeres. 
D)  a gene whose exons can be spliced in a number of different ways. 
E)  a highly conserved gene found in a number of different species. 
A)  multiple genes whose products must be coordinately expressed. 
B)  genes whose sequences are very similar and that probably arose by duplication. 
C)  the many tandem repeats such as those found in centromeres and telomeres. 
D)  a gene whose exons can be spliced in a number of different ways. 
E)  a highly conserved gene found in a number of different species.

Question 6

Which of the following is a representation of gene density?

Accepted Answer

A)  Humans have 2,900 Mb per genome. 
B)  C. elegans has ~20,000 genes. 
C)  Humans have ~20,000 genes in 2,900 Mb. 
D)  Humans have 27,000 bp in introns. 
E)  Fritillaria has a genome 40 times the size of a human. 
A)  Humans have 2,900 Mb per genome. 
B)  C. elegans has ~20,000 genes. 
C)  Humans have ~20,000 genes in 2,900 Mb. 
D)  Humans have 27,000 bp in introns. 
E)  Fritillaria has a genome 40 times the size of a human.

Question 7

Use the following figure to answer the next few questions.
   
Figure 21.2
Figure 21.2 shows a diagram of blocks of genes on human chromosome 16 and the locations of blocks of similar genes on four chromosomes of the mouse.
-Which of the following represents another example of the same phenomenon as that shown in Figure 21.2?

Accepted Answer

A)  the apparent centric fusion between two chromosome pairs of primates such as chimps to form the ancestor of human chromosome 2 
B)  the difference in the numbers of chromosomes in five species of one genus of birds 
C)  the formation of several pseudogenes in the globin gene family subsequent to human divergence from other primates 
D)  the high frequency of polyploidy in many species of angiosperms 
A)  the apparent centric fusion between two chromosome pairs of primates such as chimps to form the ancestor of human chromosome 2 
B)  the difference in the numbers of chromosomes in five species of one genus of birds 
C)  the formation of several pseudogenes in the globin gene family subsequent to human divergence from other primates 
D)  the high frequency of polyploidy in many species of angiosperms

Question 8

What are genomic "hot spots"?

Accepted Answer

A)  the locations that correspond to most genetic diseases 
B)  the areas of a genome that most often mutate due to environmental effects 
C)  the locations that most often correspond with chromosomal breakpoints 
D)  the locations that correspond to most genetic diseases and the locations that most often correspond with chromosomal breakpoints 
E)  the locations that correspond to most genetic diseases, the areas of a genome that most often mutate due to environmental effects, and the locations that most often correspond with chromosomal breakpoints 
A)  the locations that correspond to most genetic diseases 
B)  the areas of a genome that most often mutate due to environmental effects 
C)  the locations that most often correspond with chromosomal breakpoints 
D)  the locations that correspond to most genetic diseases and the locations that most often correspond with chromosomal breakpoints 
E)  the locations that correspond to most genetic diseases, the areas of a genome that most often mutate due to environmental effects, and the locations that most often correspond with chromosomal breakpoints

Question 9

Unequal crossing over during prophase I can result in one sister chromosome with a deletion and another with a duplication. A mutated form of hemoglobin, known as hemoglobin Lepore, is known in the human population. Hemoglobin Lepore has a deleted set of amino acids. If it was caused by unequal crossing over, what would be an expected consequence?

Accepted Answer

A)  If it is still maintained in the human population, hemoglobin Lepore must be selected for in evolution. 
B)  There should also be persons born with, if not living long lives with, an anti-Lepore mutation or duplication. 
C)  Each of the genes in the hemoglobin gene family must show the same deletion. 
D)  The deleted gene must have undergone exon shuffling. 
E)  The deleted region must be located in a different area of the individual's genome. 
A)  If it is still maintained in the human population, hemoglobin Lepore must be selected for in evolution. 
B)  There should also be persons born with, if not living long lives with, an anti-Lepore mutation or duplication. 
C)  Each of the genes in the hemoglobin gene family must show the same deletion. 
D)  The deleted gene must have undergone exon shuffling. 
E)  The deleted region must be located in a different area of the individual's genome.

Question 10

What is the difference between a linkage map and a physical map?

Accepted Answer

A)  For a linkage map, markers are spaced by recombination frequency, whereas for a physical map they are spaced by numbers of base pairs (bp). 
B)  For a physical map, the ATCG order and sequence must be achieved; however, it does not for the linkage map. 
C)  For a linkage map, it is shown how each gene is linked to every other gene. 
D)  For a physical map, the distances must be calculable in units such as nanometers. 
E)  There is no difference between the two except in the type of pictorial representation. 
A)  For a linkage map, markers are spaced by recombination frequency, whereas for a physical map they are spaced by numbers of base pairs (bp). 
B)  For a physical map, the ATCG order and sequence must be achieved; however, it does not for the linkage map. 
C)  For a linkage map, it is shown how each gene is linked to every other gene. 
D)  For a physical map, the distances must be calculable in units such as nanometers. 
E)  There is no difference between the two except in the type of pictorial representation.

Question 11

Alu elements account for about 10% of the human genome. What does this mean?

Accepted Answer

A)  Alu elements cannot be transcribed into RNA. 
B)  Alu elements evolved in very ancient times, before mammalian radiation. 
C)  Alu elements represent the result of transposition. 
D)  No Alu elements are found within individual genes. 
E)  Alu elements are cDNA and therefore related to retrotransposons. 
A)  Alu elements cannot be transcribed into RNA. 
B)  Alu elements evolved in very ancient times, before mammalian radiation. 
C)  Alu elements represent the result of transposition. 
D)  No Alu elements are found within individual genes. 
E)  Alu elements are cDNA and therefore related to retrotransposons.

Question 12

One of the characteristics of retrotransposons is that

Accepted Answer

A)  they code for an enzyme that synthesizes DNA using an RNA template. 
B)  they are found only in animal cells. 
C)  they generally move by a cut-and-paste mechanism. 
D)  they contribute a significant portion of the genetic variability seen within a population of gametes. 
E)  their amplification is dependent on a retrovirus. 
A)  they code for an enzyme that synthesizes DNA using an RNA template. 
B)  they are found only in animal cells. 
C)  they generally move by a cut-and-paste mechanism. 
D)  they contribute a significant portion of the genetic variability seen within a population of gametes. 
E)  their amplification is dependent on a retrovirus.

Question 13

Which procedure is not required when the shotgun approach to sequencing is modified as sequencing by synthesis, in which many small fragments are sequenced simultaneously?

Accepted Answer

A)  use of restriction enzymes 
B)  sequencing each fragment 
C)  cloning each fragment into a plasmid 
D)  ordering the sequences 
E)  PCR amplification 
A)  use of restriction enzymes 
B)  sequencing each fragment 
C)  cloning each fragment into a plasmid 
D)  ordering the sequences 
E)  PCR amplification

Question 14

Which of the following can be duplicated in a genome?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA sequences above a minimum size only 
B)  DNA sequences below a minimum size only 
C)  entire chromosomes only 
D)  entire sets of chromosomes only 
E)  sequences, chromosomes, or sets of chromosomes 
A)  DNA sequences above a minimum size only 
B)  DNA sequences below a minimum size only 
C)  entire chromosomes only 
D)  entire sets of chromosomes only 
E)  sequences, chromosomes, or sets of chromosomes

Question 15

A recent report has indicated several conclusions about comparisons of our genome with that of Neanderthals. This report concludes, in part, that, at some period in evolutionary history, there was an admixture of the two genomes. This is evidenced by

Accepted Answer

A)  some Neanderthal sequences not found in humans. 
B)  a small number of modern H. sapiens with Neanderthal sequences. 
C)  Neanderthal Y chromosomes preserved in the modern population of males. 
D)  mitochondrial sequences common to both groups. 
A)  some Neanderthal sequences not found in humans. 
B)  a small number of modern H. sapiens with Neanderthal sequences. 
C)  Neanderthal Y chromosomes preserved in the modern population of males. 
D)  mitochondrial sequences common to both groups.

Question 16

Several of the different globin genes are expressed in humans, but at different times in development. What mechanism could allow for this?

Accepted Answer

A)  exon shuffling 
B)  intron activation 
C)  pseudogene activation 
D)  differential translation of mRNAs 
E)  differential gene regulation over time 
A)  exon shuffling 
B)  intron activation 
C)  pseudogene activation 
D)  differential translation of mRNAs 
E)  differential gene regulation over time

Question 17

Which of the following studies would not likely be characterized as eco-devo?

Accepted Answer

A)  the study of a particular species to see whether or not it has developmental regulation 
B)  a study of the assortment of homeotic genes in the zebra 
C)  a comparison of the functions of a particular homeotic gene among four species of reptiles 
D)  studying the environmental pressures on developmental stages such as the tadpole 
E)  a fossil comparison of organisms from the Devonian era 
A)  the study of a particular species to see whether or not it has developmental regulation 
B)  a study of the assortment of homeotic genes in the zebra 
C)  a comparison of the functions of a particular homeotic gene among four species of reptiles 
D)  studying the environmental pressures on developmental stages such as the tadpole 
E)  a fossil comparison of organisms from the Devonian era

Question 18

Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but are otherwise very different. Which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity?

Accepted Answer

A)  gene duplication 
B)  RNA splicing 
C)  exon shuffling 
D)  histone modification 
E)  random point mutations 
A)  gene duplication 
B)  RNA splicing 
C)  exon shuffling 
D)  histone modification 
E)  random point mutations

Question 19

Use the following information to help you answer the next few questions.
Multigene families include two or more nearly identical genes or genes sharing nearly identical sequences. A classical example is the set of genes for globin molecules, including genes on human chromosomes 11 and 16.
-How might identical and obviously duplicated gene sequences have gotten from one chromosome to another?

Accepted Answer

A)  by normal meiotic recombination 
B)  by normal mitotic recombination between sister chromatids 
C)  by transcription followed by recombination 
D)  by chromosomal translocation 
E)  by deletion followed by insertion 
A)  by normal meiotic recombination 
B)  by normal mitotic recombination between sister chromatids 
C)  by transcription followed by recombination 
D)  by chromosomal translocation 
E)  by deletion followed by insertion

Question 20

What is gene annotation in bioinformatics?

Accepted Answer

A)  finding transcriptional start and stop sites, RNA splice sites, and ESTs 
B)  describing the functions of protein-coding genes 
C)  describing the functions of noncoding regions of the genome 
D)  matching the corresponding phenotypes of different species 
E)  comparing the protein sequences within a single phylum 
A)  finding transcriptional start and stop sites, RNA splice sites, and ESTs 
B)  describing the functions of protein-coding genes 
C)  describing the functions of noncoding regions of the genome 
D)  matching the corresponding phenotypes of different species 
E)  comparing the protein sequences within a single phylum

Exam 21: Genomes and Their Evolution

Homeotic genes

How is a physical map of the genome of an organism achieved?

What is proteomics?

A multigene family is composed of

Which of the following is a representation of gene density?

What are genomic "hot spots"?

What is the difference between a linkage map and a physical map?

Alu elements account for about 10% of the human genome. What does this mean?

One of the characteristics of retrotransposons is that

Which procedure is not required when the shotgun approach to sequencing is modified as sequencing by synthesis, in which many small fragments are sequenced simultaneously?

Which of the following can be duplicated in a genome?

A recent report has indicated several conclusions about comparisons of our genome with that of Neanderthals. This report concludes, in part, that, at some period in evolutionary history, there was an admixture of the two genomes. This is evidenced by

Several of the different globin genes are expressed in humans, but at different times in development. What mechanism could allow for this?

Which of the following studies would not likely be characterized as eco-devo?

Two eukaryotic proteins have one domain in common but are otherwise very different. Which of the following processes is most likely to have contributed to this similarity?

What is gene annotation in bioinformatics?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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