Question 1

As a person goes from rest to full-effort exercise, there is an increase in the

Accepted Answer

A)  tidal volume. 
B)  vital capacity. 
C)  residual volume. 
D)  total lung capacity. 
E)  All of the above would be different. 
A)  tidal volume. 
B)  vital capacity. 
C)  residual volume. 
D)  total lung capacity. 
E)  All of the above would be different. A

Question 2

Hydrogen ions produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to

Accepted Answer

A)  hemoglobin. 
B)  plasma proteins. 
C)  carbon dioxide. 
D)  carbonic acid. 
E)  plasma buffers. 
A)  hemoglobin. 
B)  plasma proteins. 
C)  carbon dioxide. 
D)  carbonic acid. 
E)  plasma buffers. A

Question 3

The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is

Accepted Answer

A)  the digestive juices. 
B)  the intracellular fluid. 
C)  the blood plasma. 
D)  the cytosol. 
E)  the interstitial fluid. 
A)  the digestive juices. 
B)  the intracellular fluid. 
C)  the blood plasma. 
D)  the cytosol. 
E)  the interstitial fluid. E

Question 4

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through

Accepted Answer

A)  one capillary bed. 
B)  two capillary beds. 
C)  three capillary beds. 
D)  four capillary beds. 
E)  five capillary beds. 
A)  one capillary bed. 
B)  two capillary beds. 
C)  three capillary beds. 
D)  four capillary beds. 
E)  five capillary beds.

Question 5

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

Accepted Answer

A)  vena cava. 
B)  left atrium. 
C)  right atrium. 
D)  left ventricle. 
E)  right ventricle. 
A)  vena cava. 
B)  left atrium. 
C)  right atrium. 
D)  left ventricle. 
E)  right ventricle.

Question 6

Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because

Accepted Answer

A)  they are too large for a circulatory system to operate well. 
B)  they live without need for oxygen. 
C)  they do not produce carbon dioxide. 
D)  countercurrent exchange mechanisms cannot function well in their living conditions. 
E)  nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment. 
A)  they are too large for a circulatory system to operate well. 
B)  they live without need for oxygen. 
C)  they do not produce carbon dioxide. 
D)  countercurrent exchange mechanisms cannot function well in their living conditions. 
E)  nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment.

Question 7

The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart

Accepted Answer

A)  are the route by which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. 
B)  are found only on the right side of the heart. 
C)  are the attachment site where the pulmonary veins empty into the heart. 
D)  prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries. 
E)  are at the places where the anterior and posterior venae cavae empty into the heart. 
A)  are the route by which blood flows from the atria to the ventricles. 
B)  are found only on the right side of the heart. 
C)  are the attachment site where the pulmonary veins empty into the heart. 
D)  prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries. 
E)  are at the places where the anterior and posterior venae cavae empty into the heart.

Question 8

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have

Accepted Answer

A)  an open circulatory system. 
B)  a closed circulatory system. 
C)  a gastrovascular cavity. 
D)  branched tracheae. 
E)  hemolymph. 
A)  an open circulatory system. 
B)  a closed circulatory system. 
C)  a gastrovascular cavity. 
D)  branched tracheae. 
E)  hemolymph.

Question 9

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize

Accepted Answer

A)  endocytosis. 
B)  blood pressure. 
C)  diffusion. 
D)  active transport. 
E)  osmosis. 
A)  endocytosis. 
B)  blood pressure. 
C)  diffusion. 
D)  active transport. 
E)  osmosis.

Question 10

Which of the following reactions prevails in red blood cells traveling through alveolar capillaries? (Hb = hemoglobin)

Accepted Answer

A)  Hb + 4 O₂ → Hb(O₂)₄ 
B)  Hb(O₂)₄ → Hb + 4 O₂ 
C)  CO₂ + H₂O → H₂CO₃ 
D)  H₂CO₃ → H⁺ + HCO₃⁻ 
E)  Hb + 4 CO₂ → Hb(CO₂)₄ 
A)  Hb + 4 O₂ → Hb(O₂)₄ 
B)  Hb(O₂)₄ → Hb + 4 O₂ 
C)  CO₂ + H₂O → H₂CO₃ 
D)  H₂CO₃ → H⁺ + HCO₃⁻ 
E)  Hb + 4 CO₂ → Hb(CO₂)₄

Question 11

At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg of 21% oxygen, the partial pressure of oxygen is

Accepted Answer

A)  100 mm Hg. 
B)  127 mm Hg. 
C)  151 mm Hg. 
D)  182 mm Hg. 
E)  219 mm Hg. 
A)  100 mm Hg. 
B)  127 mm Hg. 
C)  151 mm Hg. 
D)  182 mm Hg. 
E)  219 mm Hg.

Question 12

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

Accepted Answer

A)  the number of heart chambers. 
B)  the type of gas exchange tissues. 
C)  a complete separation of circuits for circulation. 
D)  the number of circuits for circulation. 
E)  a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit. 
A)  the number of heart chambers. 
B)  the type of gas exchange tissues. 
C)  a complete separation of circuits for circulation. 
D)  the number of circuits for circulation. 
E)  a low blood pressure in the systemic circuit.

Question 13

A portal system is

Accepted Answer

A)  an area connecting arterioles to venules. 
B)  a series of vessels that returns blood to the heart in an animal with an open circulatory system. 
C)  a space within or between organs where blood is allowed to pool. 
D)  a slightly muscular vessel that has minimal pumping action in an organism with no heart. 
E)  a vessel or vessels connecting two capillary beds. 
A)  an area connecting arterioles to venules. 
B)  a series of vessels that returns blood to the heart in an animal with an open circulatory system. 
C)  a space within or between organs where blood is allowed to pool. 
D)  a slightly muscular vessel that has minimal pumping action in an organism with no heart. 
E)  a vessel or vessels connecting two capillary beds.

Question 14

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

Accepted Answer

A)  rising O₂ 
B)  falling O₂ 
C)  rising CO₂ 
D)  falling CO₂ 
E)  rising CO₂ and falling O₂ 
A)  rising O₂ 
B)  falling O₂ 
C)  rising CO₂ 
D)  falling CO₂ 
E)  rising CO₂ and falling O₂

Question 15

The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differ from the hemoglobin of mammals in that

Accepted Answer

A)  the oxygen dissociation curve for hemocyanin is linear. 
B)  hemocyanin carries appreciably more carbon dioxide. 
C)  hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron. 
D)  the protein of hemocyanin is not bound to metal. 
E)  hemocyanin includes cyanic acid. 
A)  the oxygen dissociation curve for hemocyanin is linear. 
B)  hemocyanin carries appreciably more carbon dioxide. 
C)  hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron. 
D)  the protein of hemocyanin is not bound to metal. 
E)  hemocyanin includes cyanic acid.

Question 16

Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  increased activity of the immune system. 
B)  a broken limb. 
C)  blood sugar that is abnormally high. 
D)  dehydration. 
E)  sodium depletion. 
A)  increased activity of the immune system. 
B)  a broken limb. 
C)  blood sugar that is abnormally high. 
D)  dehydration. 
E)  sodium depletion.

Question 17

Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?

Accepted Answer

A)  mouse 
B)  rabbit 
C)  human 
D)  hippopotamus 
E)  giraffe 
A)  mouse 
B)  rabbit 
C)  human 
D)  hippopotamus 
E)  giraffe

Question 18

Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the axolotl is correctly described as

Accepted Answer

A)  active transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
B)  carrier-mediated transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
C)  facilitated diffusion of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water. 
D)  simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
E)  active transport of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water. 
A)  active transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
B)  carrier-mediated transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
C)  facilitated diffusion of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water. 
D)  simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
E)  active transport of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water.

Question 19

Hemoglobin and hemocyanin

Accepted Answer

A)  are both found within blood cells. 
B)  are both red in color. 
C)  are both freely dissolved in the plasma. 
D)  both transport oxygen. 
E)  are both found in mammals. 
A)  are both found within blood cells. 
B)  are both red in color. 
C)  are both freely dissolved in the plasma. 
D)  both transport oxygen. 
E)  are both found in mammals.

Question 20

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of

Accepted Answer

A)  the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air. 
B)  the overproduction of surfactants. 
C)  the incomplete development of the lung surface. 
D)  lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant. 
E)  mutations in the genes involved in lung formation. 
A)  the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air. 
B)  the overproduction of surfactants. 
C)  the incomplete development of the lung surface. 
D)  lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant. 
E)  mutations in the genes involved in lung formation.

Exam 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange

As a person goes from rest to full-effort exercise, there is an increase in the

Hydrogen ions produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to

The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because

The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize

Which of the following reactions prevails in red blood cells traveling through alveolar capillaries? (Hb = hemoglobin)

At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg of 21% oxygen, the partial pressure of oxygen is

One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is

A portal system is

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differ from the hemoglobin of mammals in that

Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with

Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?

Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the axolotl is correctly described as

Hemoglobin and hemocyanin

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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