Question 1

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?

Accepted Answer

A)  By his/her actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation. 
B)  The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because their survivability has been enhanced by virtue of his/her risky behavior. 
C)  Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more, thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations. 
D)  Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability of all the members of the population. 
E)  All of the options are correct. 
A)  By his/her actions, the altruist increases the likelihood that some of its genes will be passed on to the next generation. 
B)  The altruist is appreciated by other members of the population because their survivability has been enhanced by virtue of his/her risky behavior. 
C)  Animals that perform altruistic acts are allowed by their population to breed more, thereby passing on their behavior genes to future generations. 
D)  Altruistic behaviors lower stress in populations, which increases the survivability of all the members of the population. 
E)  All of the options are correct. A

Question 2

Learning in which an associated stimulus may be used to elicit the same behavioral response as the original sign stimulus is called

Accepted Answer

A)  concept formation. 
B)  trial and error. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  operant conditioning. 
E)  cognition. 
A)  concept formation. 
B)  trial and error. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  operant conditioning. 
E)  cognition. C

Question 3

In Belding's ground squirrels, it is mostly the females that behave altruistically by sounding alarm calls. What is the likely reason for this distinction?

Accepted Answer

A)  Males have smaller vocal cords and are less likely to make sounds. 
B)  Females invest more in foraging and food stores, so they are more defensive. 
C)  Females settle in the area in which they were born, so the alarm is warning kin. 
D)  The sex ratio is biased. 
E)  Males forage in areas separate from females; therefore, alarm calls are useless. 
A)  Males have smaller vocal cords and are less likely to make sounds. 
B)  Females invest more in foraging and food stores, so they are more defensive. 
C)  Females settle in the area in which they were born, so the alarm is warning kin. 
D)  The sex ratio is biased. 
E)  Males forage in areas separate from females; therefore, alarm calls are useless. C

Question 4

Upon returning to its hive, a European honeybee communicates to other worker bees the location of a nearby food source it has discovered by

Accepted Answer

A)  vibrating its wings at varying frequencies. 
B)  performing a round dance. 
C)  performing a waggle dance. 
D)  visual cues. 
E)  All options are correct. 
A)  vibrating its wings at varying frequencies. 
B)  performing a round dance. 
C)  performing a waggle dance. 
D)  visual cues. 
E)  All options are correct.

Question 5

Among songbirds, a "crystallized" song is one that

Accepted Answer

A)  is beyond the range of human hearing. 
B)  is perfected by juveniles. 
C)  extremely young chicks sing. 
D)  is a perfected species-specific song. 
E)  warns of predators. 
A)  is beyond the range of human hearing. 
B)  is perfected by juveniles. 
C)  extremely young chicks sing. 
D)  is a perfected species-specific song. 
E)  warns of predators.

Question 6

White-crowned sparrows can only learn the "crystallized" song for their species by

Accepted Answer

A)  listening to adult sparrow songs during a sensitive period as a fledgling, followed by a practice period until the juvenile matches its melody to its memorized fledgling song. 
B)  listening to the song of its own species during a critical period so that it will imprint to its own species song and not the songs of other songbird species. 
C)  practicing as a fledgling until the innate species-specific song becomes perfected. 
D)  performing the crystallized song as adults when they become sexually mature, as the song is programmed into the innate behavior for the species. 
E)  observing and practicing after receiving social confirmation from other adults at a critical period during their first episode of courtship behavior. 
A)  listening to adult sparrow songs during a sensitive period as a fledgling, followed by a practice period until the juvenile matches its melody to its memorized fledgling song. 
B)  listening to the song of its own species during a critical period so that it will imprint to its own species song and not the songs of other songbird species. 
C)  practicing as a fledgling until the innate species-specific song becomes perfected. 
D)  performing the crystallized song as adults when they become sexually mature, as the song is programmed into the innate behavior for the species. 
E)  observing and practicing after receiving social confirmation from other adults at a critical period during their first episode of courtship behavior.

Question 7

One way to understand how early environment influences differing behaviors in similar species is through the "cross-fostering" experimental technique. Suppose that the curly-whiskered mud rat differs from the bald mud rat in several ways, including being much more aggressive. How would you set up a cross-fostering experiment to determine if environment plays a role in the curly-whiskered mud rat's aggression?

Accepted Answer

A)  You would cross curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats and hand-rear the offspring to see if any grew up to be aggressive. 
B)  You would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents, place newborn bald mud rats with curly-whiskered mud rat parents, and let some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. Then you would compare the outcomes. 
C)  You would remove the offspring of curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats from their parents, raise them in the same environment, and then compare the outcomes. 
D)  You would see if curly-whiskered mud rats bred true for aggression. 
E)  You would replace normal newborn mud rats with deformed newborn mud rats to see if it triggered an altruistic response. 
A)  You would cross curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats and hand-rear the offspring to see if any grew up to be aggressive. 
B)  You would place newborn curly-whiskered mud rats with bald mud rat parents, place newborn bald mud rats with curly-whiskered mud rat parents, and let some mud rats of both species be raised by their own species. Then you would compare the outcomes. 
C)  You would remove the offspring of curly-whiskered mud rats and bald mud rats from their parents, raise them in the same environment, and then compare the outcomes. 
D)  You would see if curly-whiskered mud rats bred true for aggression. 
E)  You would replace normal newborn mud rats with deformed newborn mud rats to see if it triggered an altruistic response.

Question 8

Pair-bonding in a population of prairie voles can be prevented by

Accepted Answer

A)  the ensuing confusion caused by introducing meadow voles. 
B)  administering a drug that inhibits the brain receptor for vasopressin in the CNS of males. 
C)  administering a drug that turns on ADH receptor sites in male voles. 
D)  dying the coat color from brown to blond in either male or female prairie voles. 
E)  allowing the population size to reach critically low levels. 
A)  the ensuing confusion caused by introducing meadow voles. 
B)  administering a drug that inhibits the brain receptor for vasopressin in the CNS of males. 
C)  administering a drug that turns on ADH receptor sites in male voles. 
D)  dying the coat color from brown to blond in either male or female prairie voles. 
E)  allowing the population size to reach critically low levels.

Question 9

Animals use pheromones to communicate

Accepted Answer

A)  reproductive readiness. 
B)  species recognition. 
C)  gender recognition. 
D)  danger. 
E)  All options are correct. 
A)  reproductive readiness. 
B)  species recognition. 
C)  gender recognition. 
D)  danger. 
E)  All options are correct.

Question 10

Listed below are several examples of types of animal behavior. Match the letter of the correct term (A-E) to each example in the following questions.
A. operant conditioning
B. agonistic behavior
C innate behavior
D. imprinting
E. altruistic behavior
-A human baby performs a sucking behavior perfectly when it is put in the presence of the nipple of its mother's breast.

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 11

Animals that help other animals of the same species

Accepted Answer

A)  have excess energy reserves. 
B)  are bigger and stronger than the other animals. 
C)  are usually related to the other animals. 
D)  are always male. 
E)  have defective genes controlling their behavior. 
A)  have excess energy reserves. 
B)  are bigger and stronger than the other animals. 
C)  are usually related to the other animals. 
D)  are always male. 
E)  have defective genes controlling their behavior.

Question 12

Research has shown that nocturnal animals navigate using

Accepted Answer

A)  olfactory cues. 
B)  the North Star. 
C)  the moon. 
D)  landmarks. 
E)  gravity. 
A)  olfactory cues. 
B)  the North Star. 
C)  the moon. 
D)  landmarks. 
E)  gravity.

Question 13

Which of the following does not have a coefficient of relatedness of 0.5?

Accepted Answer

A)  a father to his daughter 
B)  a mother to her son 
C)  an uncle to his nephew 
D)  a brother to his brother 
E)  a sister to her brother 
A)  a father to his daughter 
B)  a mother to her son 
C)  an uncle to his nephew 
D)  a brother to his brother 
E)  a sister to her brother

Question 14

What is the normal imprinting stimulus to a hatchling graylag goose?

Accepted Answer

A)  an image of a model of an adult graylag goose 
B)  a nearby object that is moving away 
C)  recognition of its biological mother 
D)  any other adult of its own species 
E)  any human 
A)  an image of a model of an adult graylag goose 
B)  a nearby object that is moving away 
C)  recognition of its biological mother 
D)  any other adult of its own species 
E)  any human

Question 15

Imagine that you are designing an experiment aimed at determining whether the initiation of migratory behavior is largely under genetic control. Of the following options, the best way to proceed is to

Accepted Answer

A)  observe genetically distinct populations in the field and see if they have different migratory habits. 
B)  perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Do this in the laboratory and see if offspring display parental migratory behavior. 
C)  bring animals into the laboratory and determine the conditions under which they become restless and attempt to migrate. 
D)  perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Rear the offspring in the absence of their parents and observe the migratory behavior of offspring. 
E)  All of the options are equally productive ways to approach the question. 
A)  observe genetically distinct populations in the field and see if they have different migratory habits. 
B)  perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Do this in the laboratory and see if offspring display parental migratory behavior. 
C)  bring animals into the laboratory and determine the conditions under which they become restless and attempt to migrate. 
D)  perform within-population matings with birds from different populations that have different migratory habits. Rear the offspring in the absence of their parents and observe the migratory behavior of offspring. 
E)  All of the options are equally productive ways to approach the question.

Question 16

The central concept of sociobiology is that

Accepted Answer

A)  human behavior is rigidly predetermined. 
B)  the behavior of an individual cannot be modified. 
C)  human behavior consists mainly of fixed action patterns. 
D)  most aspects of our social behavior have an evolutionary basis. 
E)  the social behavior of humans is homologous to the social behavior of other social animals. 
A)  human behavior is rigidly predetermined. 
B)  the behavior of an individual cannot be modified. 
C)  human behavior consists mainly of fixed action patterns. 
D)  most aspects of our social behavior have an evolutionary basis. 
E)  the social behavior of humans is homologous to the social behavior of other social animals.

Question 17

A type of bird similar to a chickadee learns to peck through the cardboard tops of milk bottles left on doorsteps to obtain the desired cream from the top. What term best applies to this behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  sign stimulus 
B)  cognition 
C)  imprinting 
D)  classical conditioning 
E)  operant conditioning 
A)  sign stimulus 
B)  cognition 
C)  imprinting 
D)  classical conditioning 
E)  operant conditioning

Question 18

Displays of nocturnal mammals are usually

Accepted Answer

A)  visual and auditory. 
B)  tactile and visual. 
C)  olfactory and auditory. 
D)  visual and olfactory. 
E)  tactile and auditory. 
A)  visual and auditory. 
B)  tactile and visual. 
C)  olfactory and auditory. 
D)  visual and olfactory. 
E)  tactile and auditory.

Question 19

A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  sign stimulus 
B)  cognition 
C)  imprinting 
D)  classical conditioning 
E)  operant conditioning 
A)  sign stimulus 
B)  cognition 
C)  imprinting 
D)  classical conditioning 
E)  operant conditioning

Question 20

-In the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male that elicits attack from another male is functioning as

Accepted Answer

A)  a pheromone. 
B)  a sign stimulus. 
C)  a fixed action pattern. 
D)  a search image. 
E)  an imprint stimulus. 
A)  a pheromone. 
B)  a sign stimulus. 
C)  a fixed action pattern. 
D)  a search image. 
E)  an imprint stimulus.

Exam 51: Animal Behavior

How do altruistic behaviors arise through natural selection?

Learning in which an associated stimulus may be used to elicit the same behavioral response as the original sign stimulus is called

In Belding's ground squirrels, it is mostly the females that behave altruistically by sounding alarm calls. What is the likely reason for this distinction?

Upon returning to its hive, a European honeybee communicates to other worker bees the location of a nearby food source it has discovered by

Among songbirds, a "crystallized" song is one that

White-crowned sparrows can only learn the "crystallized" song for their species by

Pair-bonding in a population of prairie voles can be prevented by

Animals use pheromones to communicate

Animals that help other animals of the same species

Research has shown that nocturnal animals navigate using

Which of the following does not have a coefficient of relatedness of 0.5?

What is the normal imprinting stimulus to a hatchling graylag goose?

Imagine that you are designing an experiment aimed at determining whether the initiation of migratory behavior is largely under genetic control. Of the following options, the best way to proceed is to

The central concept of sociobiology is that

A type of bird similar to a chickadee learns to peck through the cardboard tops of milk bottles left on doorsteps to obtain the desired cream from the top. What term best applies to this behavior?

Displays of nocturnal mammals are usually

A stickleback fish will attack a fish model as long as the model has red coloring. What animal behavior idea is manifested by this observation?

-In the territorial behavior of the stickleback fish, the red belly of one male that elicits attack from another male is functioning as

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

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An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

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