Question 1

A person with alkalosis will likely excrete urine that has abnormally high levels of

Accepted Answer

A)  bicarbonate ions. 
B)  sodium ions. 
C)  glucose. 
D)  ammonia. 
E)  NaOH. 
A)  bicarbonate ions. 
B)  sodium ions. 
C)  glucose. 
D)  ammonia. 
E)  NaOH. B

Question 2

Which of the following pairs of organisms excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid?

Accepted Answer

A)  mice and birds 
B)  insects and birds 
C)  lions and horses 
D)  humans and frogs 
E)  fish and turtles 
A)  mice and birds 
B)  insects and birds 
C)  lions and horses 
D)  humans and frogs 
E)  fish and turtles B

Question 3

African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

A)  Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. 
B)  Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. 
C)  The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors. 
D)  Urea forms an insoluble precipitate. 
E)  Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool. 
A)  Urea takes less energy to synthesize than ammonia. 
B)  Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia. 
C)  The highly toxic urea makes the pool uninhabitable to potential competitors. 
D)  Urea forms an insoluble precipitate. 
E)  Urea makes lungfish tissue hypoosmotic to the pool. B

Question 4

Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in

Accepted Answer

A)  the vasa recta. 
B)  Bowman's capsule. 
C)  the loop of Henle. 
D)  the proximal tubule. 
E)  the collecting duct. 
A)  the vasa recta. 
B)  Bowman's capsule. 
C)  the loop of Henle. 
D)  the proximal tubule. 
E)  the collecting duct.

Question 5

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

Accepted Answer

A)  filtration 
B)  ultrafiltration 
C)  selective reabsorption 
D)  secretion 
E)  active transport 
A)  filtration 
B)  ultrafiltration 
C)  selective reabsorption 
D)  secretion 
E)  active transport

Question 6

Among vertebrate animals, urea

Accepted Answer

A)  is made in the kidneys and immediately excreted. 
B)  is added to the air in the lungs to be exhaled, along with carbon dioxide. 
C)  is made in the liver by combining two ammonia molecules with one carbon dioxide. 
D)  is made in the pancreas and added to the intestinal contents, along with bile salts, for excretion. 
E)  is rarely the nitrogenous waste of choice. 
A)  is made in the kidneys and immediately excreted. 
B)  is added to the air in the lungs to be exhaled, along with carbon dioxide. 
C)  is made in the liver by combining two ammonia molecules with one carbon dioxide. 
D)  is made in the pancreas and added to the intestinal contents, along with bile salts, for excretion. 
E)  is rarely the nitrogenous waste of choice.

Question 7

Urea is

Accepted Answer

A)  insoluble in water. 
B)  more toxic to human cells than ammonia. 
C)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans. 
D)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds. 
E)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates. 
A)  insoluble in water. 
B)  more toxic to human cells than ammonia. 
C)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans. 
D)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds. 
E)  the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates.

Question 8

A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead

Accepted Answer

A)  will thrive under such conditions, as long as he has lived at the ocean most of his life. 
B)  will excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion. 
C)  will develop structural changes in the kidneys to accommodate the salt overload. 
D)  will find that drinking saltwater satiates his thirst. 
E)  will risk becoming overhydrated within 12 hours. 
A)  will thrive under such conditions, as long as he has lived at the ocean most of his life. 
B)  will excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion. 
C)  will develop structural changes in the kidneys to accommodate the salt overload. 
D)  will find that drinking saltwater satiates his thirst. 
E)  will risk becoming overhydrated within 12 hours.

Question 9

A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that

Accepted Answer

A)  it stores the body's excess fats. 
B)  it has membranes of varying permeability to water. 
C)  it operates an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps. 
D)  it is the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients. 
E)  it has an abundance of myogenic smooth muscle. 
A)  it stores the body's excess fats. 
B)  it has membranes of varying permeability to water. 
C)  it operates an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps. 
D)  it is the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients. 
E)  it has an abundance of myogenic smooth muscle.

Question 10

Birds that live in marine environments and thus lack access to fresh drinking water

Accepted Answer

A)  osmoregulate without using a transport epithelium for this purpose. 
B)  drink seawater and secrete excess ions through their kidneys only. 
C)  drink seawater and secrete excess ions mainly through their nasal salt glands. 
D)  have plasma that is isoosmotic to ocean water. 
E)  obtain water by eating only osmoregulating prey. 
A)  osmoregulate without using a transport epithelium for this purpose. 
B)  drink seawater and secrete excess ions through their kidneys only. 
C)  drink seawater and secrete excess ions mainly through their nasal salt glands. 
D)  have plasma that is isoosmotic to ocean water. 
E)  obtain water by eating only osmoregulating prey.

Question 11

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is

Accepted Answer

A)  distilled water. 
B)  plasma in birds. 
C)  plasma in mammals. 
D)  seawater in a tidal pool. 
E)  estuarine water. 
A)  distilled water. 
B)  plasma in birds. 
C)  plasma in mammals. 
D)  seawater in a tidal pool. 
E)  estuarine water.

Question 12

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)functions at the cellular level by

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulating the reabsorption of glucose through channel proteins. 
B)  triggering the synthesis of an enzyme that makes the phospholipid bilayer more permeable to water. 
C)  causing membranes to include more phospholipids that have unsaturated fatty acids. 
D)  causing an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells. 
E)  decreasing the speed at which filtrate flows through the nephron, leading to increased reabsorption of water. 
A)  stimulating the reabsorption of glucose through channel proteins. 
B)  triggering the synthesis of an enzyme that makes the phospholipid bilayer more permeable to water. 
C)  causing membranes to include more phospholipids that have unsaturated fatty acids. 
D)  causing an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells. 
E)  decreasing the speed at which filtrate flows through the nephron, leading to increased reabsorption of water.

Question 13

Excretory structures known as protonephridia are present in

Accepted Answer

A)  flatworms. 
B)  earthworms. 
C)  insects. 
D)  vertebrates. 
E)  cnidarians. 
A)  flatworms. 
B)  earthworms. 
C)  insects. 
D)  vertebrates. 
E)  cnidarians.

Question 14

Which nitrogenous waste requires hardly any water for its excretion?

Accepted Answer

A)  amino acids 
B)  urea 
C)  uric acid 
D)  ammonia 
E)  nitrogen gas 
A)  amino acids 
B)  urea 
C)  uric acid 
D)  ammonia 
E)  nitrogen gas

Question 15

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)  formation of filtrate at an excretory structure. 
B)  reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate. 
C)  selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids. 
D)  formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure. 
E)  expulsion of urine from the body. 
A)  formation of filtrate at an excretory structure. 
B)  reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate. 
C)  selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids. 
D)  formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure. 
E)  expulsion of urine from the body.

Question 16

Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by

Accepted Answer

A)  frogs. 
B)  kangaroo rats. 
C)  humans. 
D)  desert tortoises. 
E)  birds. 
A)  frogs. 
B)  kangaroo rats. 
C)  humans. 
D)  desert tortoises. 
E)  birds.

Question 17

Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of

Accepted Answer

A)  salt pumping to control osmolarity. 
B)  H⁺ pumping to control pH. 
C)  reabsorption mechanisms along the proximal tubule. 
D)  filtration from the glomerular capillaries. 
E)  secretion along the distal tubule. 
A)  salt pumping to control osmolarity. 
B)  H⁺ pumping to control pH. 
C)  reabsorption mechanisms along the proximal tubule. 
D)  filtration from the glomerular capillaries. 
E)  secretion along the distal tubule.

Question 18

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of

Accepted Answer

A)  increased aldosterone production. 
B)  increased blood pressure. 
C)  inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 
D)  increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule. 
E)  the osmoregulator cells of the brain increasing their activity. 
A)  increased aldosterone production. 
B)  increased blood pressure. 
C)  inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 
D)  increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule. 
E)  the osmoregulator cells of the brain increasing their activity.

Question 19

In a laboratory experiment with three groups of students, one group drinks pure water, a second group drinks an equal amount of beer, and a third group drinks an equal amount of concentrated salt solution, all during the same time period. Their urine production is monitored for several hours. Which groups are expected to have the greatest and least amounts of urine, respectively?

Accepted Answer

A)  Beer drinkers have the most; salt solution drinkers have the least. 
B)  Salt solution drinkers have the most; water drinkers have the least. 
C)  Water drinkers have the most; beer drinkers have the least. 
D)  Beer drinkers have the most; water drinkers have the least. 
E)  There will be no significant difference between these groups. 
A)  Beer drinkers have the most; salt solution drinkers have the least. 
B)  Salt solution drinkers have the most; water drinkers have the least. 
C)  Water drinkers have the most; beer drinkers have the least. 
D)  Beer drinkers have the most; water drinkers have the least. 
E)  There will be no significant difference between these groups.

Question 20

Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.

Accepted Answer

A)  metanephridium-flatworm 
B)  Malpighian tubule-frog 
C)  kidney-insect 
D)  flame bulb-snake 
E)  direct cellular exchange-marine invertebrate 
A)  metanephridium-flatworm 
B)  Malpighian tubule-frog 
C)  kidney-insect 
D)  flame bulb-snake 
E)  direct cellular exchange-marine invertebrate

Exam 44: Osmoregulation and Excretion

A person with alkalosis will likely excrete urine that has abnormally high levels of

Which of the following pairs of organisms excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid?

African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?

Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in

Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes?

Among vertebrate animals, urea

Urea is

A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead

A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that

Birds that live in marine environments and thus lack access to fresh drinking water

The fluid with the highest osmolarity is

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)functions at the cellular level by

Excretory structures known as protonephridia are present in

Which nitrogenous waste requires hardly any water for its excretion?

The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the

Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by

Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of

After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of

Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal.

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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