Question 1

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

Accepted Answer

A) rising O₂. 
B) falling O₂. 
C) rising CO₂. 
D) falling CO₂. 
E) rising CO₂ and falling O₂. 
A) rising O₂. 
B) falling O₂. 
C) rising CO₂. 
D) falling CO₂. 
E) rising CO₂ and falling O₂.

Question 2

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because

Accepted Answer

A) the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells. 
B) the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases. 
C) the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate. 
D) the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle. 
E) the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system. 
A) the capillary walls are not thin enough to allow oxygen to exchange with the cells. 
B) the capillaries are far from the heart, and blood flow slows as distance from the heart increases. 
C) the diastolic blood pressure is too low to deliver blood to the capillaries at a high flow rate. 
D) the systemic capillaries are supplied by the left ventricle, which has a lower cardiac output than the right ventricle. 
E) the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.

Question 3

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in

Accepted Answer

A) the partial pressure of oxygen. 
B) the partial pressure of carbon monoxide. 
C) hemoglobin concentration. 
D) temperature. 
E) pH. 
A) the partial pressure of oxygen. 
B) the partial pressure of carbon monoxide. 
C) hemoglobin concentration. 
D) temperature. 
E) pH.

Question 4

The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differ from the hemoglobin of mammals in that

Accepted Answer

A) the oxygen dissociation curve for hemocyanin is linear. 
B) hemocyanin carries appreciably more carbon dioxide. 
C) hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron. 
D) the protein of hemocyanin is not bound to metal. 
E) hemocyanin includes cyanic acid. 
A) the oxygen dissociation curve for hemocyanin is linear. 
B) hemocyanin carries appreciably more carbon dioxide. 
C) hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron. 
D) the protein of hemocyanin is not bound to metal. 
E) hemocyanin includes cyanic acid.

Question 5

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize

Accepted Answer

A) endocytosis. 
B) blood pressure. 
C) diffusion. 
D) active transport. 
E) osmosis. 
A) endocytosis. 
B) blood pressure. 
C) diffusion. 
D) active transport. 
E) osmosis.

Question 6

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

Accepted Answer

A) vena cava. 
B) left atrium. 
C) right atrium. 
D) left ventricle. 
E) right ventricle. 
A) vena cava. 
B) left atrium. 
C) right atrium. 
D) left ventricle. 
E) right ventricle.

Question 7

In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, you would expect to find

Accepted Answer

A) a slower rate of oxygen consumption so that its breathing will not have to be accelerated. 
B) an increase of storage of oxygen in myoglobin of its muscles. 
C) a relatively slow heart rate in order to lower oxygen consumption. 
D) a lower pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. 
E) a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size. 
A) a slower rate of oxygen consumption so that its breathing will not have to be accelerated. 
B) an increase of storage of oxygen in myoglobin of its muscles. 
C) a relatively slow heart rate in order to lower oxygen consumption. 
D) a lower pressure of oxygen in the alveoli. 
E) a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size.

Question 8

An elderly patient has reduced mobility in his lower extremities. It has been observed that there are dark areas under the skin where blood has pooled. This pooling is most likely caused by

Accepted Answer

A) a decrease in muscle contraction in the arterioles. 
B) a decrease in the surface area of the capillaries. 
C) an increase in peripheral resistance. 
D) a reduction in blood flow through the veins. 
E) an increase in production of endothelin in blood vessels. 
A) a decrease in muscle contraction in the arterioles. 
B) a decrease in the surface area of the capillaries. 
C) an increase in peripheral resistance. 
D) a reduction in blood flow through the veins. 
E) an increase in production of endothelin in blood vessels.

Question 9

Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the mudpuppy is correctly described as

Accepted Answer

A) active transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
B) carrier-mediated transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
C) facilitated diffusion of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water. 
D) simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
E) active transport of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water. 
A) active transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
B) carrier-mediated transport to move oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
C) facilitated diffusion of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water. 
D) simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from the water. 
E) active transport of carbon dioxide from the salamander into the water.

Question 10

Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to

Accepted Answer

A) retain the normal cell shape, but the mitochondria will be poisoned. 
B) lyse as the cyanide concentration increases inside the cell. 
C) switch to anaerobic metabolism. 
D) become unable to carry oxygen. 
E) be unaffected. 
A) retain the normal cell shape, but the mitochondria will be poisoned. 
B) lyse as the cyanide concentration increases inside the cell. 
C) switch to anaerobic metabolism. 
D) become unable to carry oxygen. 
E) be unaffected.

Question 11

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through

Accepted Answer

A) one capillary bed. 
B) two capillary beds. 
C) three capillary beds. 
D) four capillary beds. 
E) five capillary beds. 
A) one capillary bed. 
B) two capillary beds. 
C) three capillary beds. 
D) four capillary beds. 
E) five capillary beds.

Question 12

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
At a crime scene, an analyst finds a large pool of blood. After centrifugation, it was determined that the blood belonged to a hemophiliac suffering from an acute infection.
-Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?

Accepted Answer

A) the lungs of a vertebrate 
B) the gills of a fish 
C) the tracheal system of an insect 
D) the skin of an earthworm 
E) the parapodia of a polychaete worm 
A) the lungs of a vertebrate 
B) the gills of a fish 
C) the tracheal system of an insect 
D) the skin of an earthworm 
E) the parapodia of a polychaete worm

Question 13

Dissolved proteins in human plasma include which of the following? I. fibrinogen
II. hemoglobin
III. immunoglobulin

Accepted Answer

A) I only 
B) II only 
C) I and III only 
D) II and III only 
E) I, II, and III 
A) I only 
B) II only 
C) I and III only 
D) II and III only 
E) I, II, and III

Question 14

The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates, the pool becomes saltier, causing

Accepted Answer

A) a decrease in its carbon dioxide content. 
B) a decrease in its oxygen content. 
C) an increase in its ability to sustain aerobic organisms. 
D) a decrease in the water's density. 
E) a decrease in the movement of the water molecules. 
A) a decrease in its carbon dioxide content. 
B) a decrease in its oxygen content. 
C) an increase in its ability to sustain aerobic organisms. 
D) a decrease in the water's density. 
E) a decrease in the movement of the water molecules.

Question 15

The blood pressure is lowest in the

Accepted Answer

A) aorta. 
B) arteries. 
C) arterioles. 
D) capillaries. 
E) venae cavae. 
A) aorta. 
B) arteries. 
C) arterioles. 
D) capillaries. 
E) venae cavae.

Question 16

At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen, then the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is

Accepted Answer

A) 0 mm Hg. 
B) 80 mm Hg. 
C) 160 mm Hg. 
D) 380 mm Hg. 
E) 760 mm Hg. 
A) 0 mm Hg. 
B) 80 mm Hg. 
C) 160 mm Hg. 
D) 380 mm Hg. 
E) 760 mm Hg.

Question 17

Blood entering a capillary bed of an unusual vertebrate was measured for the pressures exerted by various factors, as shown below.
  
-For this unusual capillary bed

Accepted Answer

A) the pH is lower on the arterial side than on the venous side. 
B) oxygen is taken up by the erythrocytes within the capillaries. 
C) the osmotic pressure remains constant due to carbon dioxide compensation. 
D) the hydrostatic pressure declines from the arterial side to the venous side because oxygen is lost. 
E) fluids will leave the capillaries on the arterial side of the bed and re-enter on the venous side. 
A) the pH is lower on the arterial side than on the venous side. 
B) oxygen is taken up by the erythrocytes within the capillaries. 
C) the osmotic pressure remains constant due to carbon dioxide compensation. 
D) the hydrostatic pressure declines from the arterial side to the venous side because oxygen is lost. 
E) fluids will leave the capillaries on the arterial side of the bed and re-enter on the venous side.

Question 18

A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs will cause

Accepted Answer

A) an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide moving from the blood to the lungs. 
B) an increase in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. 
C) a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. 
D) an increase of pressure that would cause the capillary beds to burst. 
E) a decrease in the amount of work needed for effective ventilation of the lungs. 
A) an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide moving from the blood to the lungs. 
B) an increase in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. 
C) a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood. 
D) an increase of pressure that would cause the capillary beds to burst. 
E) a decrease in the amount of work needed for effective ventilation of the lungs.

Question 19

Blood entering a capillary bed of an unusual vertebrate was measured for the pressures exerted by various factors, as shown below.
  
-An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the

Accepted Answer

A) animal had evolved from birds. 
B) animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate. 
C) animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles. 
D) animal was likely an invertebrate animal. 
E) species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure. 
A) animal had evolved from birds. 
B) animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate. 
C) animal was most closely related to alligators and crocodiles. 
D) animal was likely an invertebrate animal. 
E) species had little to no need to regulate blood pressure.

Question 20

Countercurrent exchange is evident in

Accepted Answer

A) the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills. 
B) the flow of blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae. 
C) the flow of air within the primary bronchi of a human and that of blood within the pulmonary veins. 
D) the flow of water across the skin of a frog and that of blood within the ventricle of its heart. 
E) the flow of fluid out of the arterial end of a capillary and that of fluid back into the venous end of the same capillary. 
A) the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills. 
B) the flow of blood in the dorsal vessel of an insect and that of air within its tracheae. 
C) the flow of air within the primary bronchi of a human and that of blood within the pulmonary veins. 
D) the flow of water across the skin of a frog and that of blood within the ventricle of its heart. 
E) the flow of fluid out of the arterial end of a capillary and that of fluid back into the venous end of the same capillary.

Exam 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange

When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?

The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because

The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in

The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differ from the hemoglobin of mammals in that

Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize

Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the

In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, you would expect to find

An elderly patient has reduced mobility in his lower extremities. It has been observed that there are dark areas under the skin where blood has pooled. This pooling is most likely caused by

Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the mudpuppy is correctly described as

Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to

A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through

Dissolved proteins in human plasma include which of the following? I. fibrinogen II. hemoglobin III. immunoglobulin

The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates, the pool becomes saltier, causing

The blood pressure is lowest in the

At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen, then the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is

Blood entering a capillary bed of an unusual vertebrate was measured for the pressures exerted by various factors, as shown below. -For this unusual capillary bed

A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs will cause

Countercurrent exchange is evident in

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters