Question 1

Circulatory systems have the primary benefit of overcoming the shortcomings of

Accepted Answer

A) temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue. 
B) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells. 
C) communication systems involving only the nervous system. 
D) having to cushion animals from trauma. 
E) fetal organisms maintaining an optimal body temperature. 
A) temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue. 
B) the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells. 
C) communication systems involving only the nervous system. 
D) having to cushion animals from trauma. 
E) fetal organisms maintaining an optimal body temperature.

Question 2

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the

Accepted Answer

A) loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries. 
B) development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls. 
C) loss of fluid from capillaries. 
D) increased diffusion of CO₂. 
E) increased diffusion of Hb. 
A) loss of osmotic pressure in the capillaries. 
B) development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls. 
C) loss of fluid from capillaries. 
D) increased diffusion of CO₂. 
E) increased diffusion of Hb.

Question 3

In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is

Accepted Answer

A) 24 hours. 
B) one week. 
C) one month. 
D) four months. 
E) 80 years or more. 
A) 24 hours. 
B) one week. 
C) one month. 
D) four months. 
E) 80 years or more.

Question 4

If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then

Accepted Answer

A) hemoglobin will not release oxygen. 
B) fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues. 
C) the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase. 
D) most carbon dioxide will be bound to hemoglobin and carried away from tissues. 
E) plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries. 
A) hemoglobin will not release oxygen. 
B) fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues. 
C) the pH of the interstitial fluids will increase. 
D) most carbon dioxide will be bound to hemoglobin and carried away from tissues. 
E) plasma proteins will escape through the endothelium of the capillaries.

Question 5

Which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels has blood that is the least similar in its gas content?

Accepted Answer

A) the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein 
B) the veins from the right and left legs 
C) the pulmonary artery and the vena cava 
D) the pulmonary vein and the aorta 
E) the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava 
A) the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein 
B) the veins from the right and left legs 
C) the pulmonary artery and the vena cava 
D) the pulmonary vein and the aorta 
E) the inferior vena cava and the superior vena cava

Question 6

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)

Accepted Answer

A) open circulatory system. 
B) hemocoel. 
C) lymphatic system. 
D) two-chambered heart. 
E) four-chambered heart. 
A) open circulatory system. 
B) hemocoel. 
C) lymphatic system. 
D) two-chambered heart. 
E) four-chambered heart.

Question 7

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂)in such conditions is

Accepted Answer

A) 160 mm Hg. 
B) 16 mm Hg. 
C) 120/75. 
D) 21/760. 
E) 760/21. 
A) 160 mm Hg. 
B) 16 mm Hg. 
C) 120/75. 
D) 21/760. 
E) 760/21.

Question 8

A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL, a vital capacity of 4000 mL, and a residual volume of 1000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of

Accepted Answer

A) 1450 mL. 
B) 4000 mL. 
C) 4450 mL. 
D) 5000 mL. 
E) 5450 mL. 
A) 1450 mL. 
B) 4000 mL. 
C) 4450 mL. 
D) 5000 mL. 
E) 5450 mL.

Question 9

An "internal reservoir" of oxygen in rested muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to

Accepted Answer

A) hemoglobin. 
B) bicarbonate ions. 
C) carbonic acid. 
D) actin and myosin. 
E) myoglobin. 
A) hemoglobin. 
B) bicarbonate ions. 
C) carbonic acid. 
D) actin and myosin. 
E) myoglobin.

Question 10

Dialysis patients, who will have blood withdrawn, dialyzed, then replaced, are always weighed when they enter the facility and then weighed carefully again before they leave, because

Accepted Answer

A) even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore blood pressure. 
B) many people who have dialysis are diabetic and must control their weight carefully. 
C) dialysis removes blood proteins and these weigh more than other blood components. 
D) dialysis is likely to cause edema and such swelling must be controlled. 
E) reclining posture during dialysis can cause a tendency for weight gain. 
A) even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore blood pressure. 
B) many people who have dialysis are diabetic and must control their weight carefully. 
C) dialysis removes blood proteins and these weigh more than other blood components. 
D) dialysis is likely to cause edema and such swelling must be controlled. 
E) reclining posture during dialysis can cause a tendency for weight gain.

Question 11

Flying insects do all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A) increase metabolism as much as 200-fold during flight. 
B) switch from diffusion of tracheal gases to active transport during flight. 
C) utilize high numbers of mitochondria in flight muscles. 
D) produce water molecules from oxygen in mitochondria. 
E) generate carbon dioxide from catabolism of fuel molecules. 
A) increase metabolism as much as 200-fold during flight. 
B) switch from diffusion of tracheal gases to active transport during flight. 
C) utilize high numbers of mitochondria in flight muscles. 
D) produce water molecules from oxygen in mitochondria. 
E) generate carbon dioxide from catabolism of fuel molecules.

Question 12

Vasoconstriction in the gut is a likely response when an individual is

Accepted Answer

A) lying down after standing up. 
B) standing up after lying down. 
C) stressed and secreting stress hormones. 
D) responding to increased blood pressure. 
E) having an allergy attack with lots of histamine secretion. 
A) lying down after standing up. 
B) standing up after lying down. 
C) stressed and secreting stress hormones. 
D) responding to increased blood pressure. 
E) having an allergy attack with lots of histamine secretion.

Question 13

An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it

Accepted Answer

A) coats their lungs. 
B) blocks the openings into the tracheal system. 
C) interferes with gas exchange across the capillaries. 
D) clogs their bronchi. 
E) prevents gases from leaving the atmosphere. 
A) coats their lungs. 
B) blocks the openings into the tracheal system. 
C) interferes with gas exchange across the capillaries. 
D) clogs their bronchi. 
E) prevents gases from leaving the atmosphere.

Question 14

Hydrogen ions produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to

Accepted Answer

A) hemoglobin. 
B) plasma proteins. 
C) carbon dioxide. 
D) carbonic acid. 
E) plasma buffers. 
A) hemoglobin. 
B) plasma proteins. 
C) carbon dioxide. 
D) carbonic acid. 
E) plasma buffers.

Question 15

As a person goes from rest to full-effort exercise, there is an increase in the

Accepted Answer

A) tidal volume. 
B) vital capacity. 
C) residual volume. 
D) total lung capacity. 
E) All of the above would be different. 
A) tidal volume. 
B) vital capacity. 
C) residual volume. 
D) total lung capacity. 
E) All of the above would be different.

Question 16

Of the following choices, impairment of a mammal's breathing cycle is most likely following neural damage in

Accepted Answer

A) the cerebrum and cerebellum. 
B) the medulla oblongata and the pons. 
C) the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex. 
D) the thalamus and the hypothalamus. 
E) the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe. 
A) the cerebrum and cerebellum. 
B) the medulla oblongata and the pons. 
C) the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex. 
D) the thalamus and the hypothalamus. 
E) the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe.

Question 17

The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is

Accepted Answer

A) the digestive juices. 
B) the intracellular fluid. 
C) the blood plasma. 
D) the cytosol. 
E) the interstitial fluid. 
A) the digestive juices. 
B) the intracellular fluid. 
C) the blood plasma. 
D) the cytosol. 
E) the interstitial fluid.

Question 18

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of

Accepted Answer

A) 500 mL/minute. 
B) 1000 mL/minute. 
C) 1750 mL/minute. 
D) 2800 mL/minute. 
E) 4800 mL/minute. 
A) 500 mL/minute. 
B) 1000 mL/minute. 
C) 1750 mL/minute. 
D) 2800 mL/minute. 
E) 4800 mL/minute.

Question 19

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of

Accepted Answer

A) the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air. 
B) the overproduction of surfactants. 
C) the incomplete development of the lung surface. 
D) lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant. 
E) mutations in the genes involved in lung formation. 
A) the sudden change from the uterine environment to the air. 
B) the overproduction of surfactants. 
C) the incomplete development of the lung surface. 
D) lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant. 
E) mutations in the genes involved in lung formation.

Question 20

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the

Accepted Answer

A) amphibians. 
B) birds. 
C) fishes. 
D) mammals. 
E) reptiles. 
A) amphibians. 
B) birds. 
C) fishes. 
D) mammals. 
E) reptiles.

Exam 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange

Circulatory systems have the primary benefit of overcoming the shortcomings of

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the

In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is

If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then

Which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels has blood that is the least similar in its gas content?

To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n)

Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO₂)in such conditions is

A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL, a vital capacity of 4000 mL, and a residual volume of 1000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of

An "internal reservoir" of oxygen in rested muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to

Dialysis patients, who will have blood withdrawn, dialyzed, then replaced, are always weighed when they enter the facility and then weighed carefully again before they leave, because

Flying insects do all of the following except

Vasoconstriction in the gut is a likely response when an individual is

An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it

Hydrogen ions produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to

As a person goes from rest to full-effort exercise, there is an increase in the

Of the following choices, impairment of a mammal's breathing cycle is most likely following neural damage in

The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is

A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of

Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the

Introduction: Evolution and Themes of Biology

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Dna Tools and Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent With Modification: a Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity Ii: the Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signalling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behaviour

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

Filters