Question 1

What type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and glial cells?

Accepted Answer

A) Coagulative 
B) Liquefactive 
C) Caseous 
D) Gangrene 
A) Coagulative 
B) Liquefactive 
C) Caseous 
D) Gangrene B

Question 2

What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury?

Accepted Answer

A) Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis. 
B) Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the ATP production. 
C) Edema of the Golgi body prevents the transport of proteins out of the cell. 
D) Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton. 
A) Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis. 
B) Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the ATP production. 
C) Edema of the Golgi body prevents the transport of proteins out of the cell. 
D) Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton. A

Question 3

A patient suffered multiple traumatic injuries and received many blood transfusions within a few days of the injuries. For which medical condition should the healthcare professional monitor the patient for?

Accepted Answer

A) High blood pressure 
B) HIV infection 
C) Hemosiderosis 
D) Kidney damage 
A) High blood pressure 
B) HIV infection 
C) Hemosiderosis 
D) Kidney damage C

Question 4

What type of necrosis is often associated with pulmonary tuberculosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Bacteriologic 
B) Caseous 
C) Liquefactive 
D) Gangrenous 
A) Bacteriologic 
B) Caseous 
C) Liquefactive 
D) Gangrenous

Question 5

What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do?

Accepted Answer

A) Shrink because of the influx of calcium (Ca) 
B) Shrink because of the influx of potassium chloride (KCl) 
C) Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl) 
D) Swell because of the influx of nitric oxide (NO) 
A) Shrink because of the influx of calcium (Ca) 
B) Shrink because of the influx of potassium chloride (KCl) 
C) Swell because of the influx of sodium chloride (NaCl) 
D) Swell because of the influx of nitric oxide (NO)

Question 6

During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why does an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell occur?

Accepted Answer

A) Plasma proteins enter the cell. 
B) The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)-driven pump is stronger during hypoxia. 
C) Sodium chloride enters the cell. 
D) An influx of glucose occurs through the injured cell membranes. 
A) Plasma proteins enter the cell. 
B) The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)-driven pump is stronger during hypoxia. 
C) Sodium chloride enters the cell. 
D) An influx of glucose occurs through the injured cell membranes.

Question 7

A healthcare professional is assessing a child whose parents report poor grades in school, trouble paying attention, and "naughty" behaviors that have become so frequent the child is always in trouble. For which health condition should the professional facilitate testing?

Accepted Answer

A) Hypoxic injury 
B) Lead poisoning 
C) Mercury exposure 
D) Cadmium injection 
A) Hypoxic injury 
B) Lead poisoning 
C) Mercury exposure 
D) Cadmium injection

Question 8

What is the most common site of lipid accumulation?

Accepted Answer

A) Coronary arteries 
B) Kidneys 
C) Liver 
D) Subcutaneous tissue 
A) Coronary arteries 
B) Kidneys 
C) Liver 
D) Subcutaneous tissue

Question 9

What is the abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation?

Accepted Answer

A) Dysplasia 
B) Pathologic dysplasia 
C) Hyperplasia 
D) Pathologic hyperplasia 
A) Dysplasia 
B) Pathologic dysplasia 
C) Hyperplasia 
D) Pathologic hyperplasia

Question 10

In hypoxic injury, why does sodium enter the cell and cause swelling?

Accepted Answer

A) The cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypoxia. 
B) ATP is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell. 
C) The lactic acid produced by the hypoxia binds with sodium in the cell. 
D) Sodium cannot be transported to the cell membrane during hypoxia. 
A) The cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypoxia. 
B) ATP is insufficient to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell. 
C) The lactic acid produced by the hypoxia binds with sodium in the cell. 
D) Sodium cannot be transported to the cell membrane during hypoxia.

Question 11

Which statements are true regarding the effects of marijuana use? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Beneficial effects include decreases in nausea and pain. 
B) Heavy use can result in psychomotor impairments. 
C) Possibly causes reproductive changes 
D) Research does not support marijuana use as a factor in developing lung cancer. 
E) Fetal development appears to be unharmed by marijuana use. 
A) Beneficial effects include decreases in nausea and pain. 
B) Heavy use can result in psychomotor impairments. 
C) Possibly causes reproductive changes 
D) Research does not support marijuana use as a factor in developing lung cancer. 
E) Fetal development appears to be unharmed by marijuana use.

Question 12

A healthcare professional is working at the health tent during a marathon. A runner is brought to the tent complaining of nausea and weakness. What is the first thing the professional should do?

Accepted Answer

A) Call 911. 
B) Have the person lie down. 
C) Give the person salt tablets. 
D) Ask about street drug use. 
A) Call 911. 
B) Have the person lie down. 
C) Give the person salt tablets. 
D) Ask about street drug use.

Question 13

What is the cause of free calcium in the cytosol that damages cell membranes by uncontrolled enzyme activation?

Accepted Answer

A) Activation of endonuclease interferes with the binding of calcium to protein. 
B) Activation of phospholipases, to which calcium normally binds, degrades the proteins. 
C) An influx of phosphate ions competes with calcium for binding to proteins. 
D) Depletion of ATP normally pumps calcium from the cell. 
A) Activation of endonuclease interferes with the binding of calcium to protein. 
B) Activation of phospholipases, to which calcium normally binds, degrades the proteins. 
C) An influx of phosphate ions competes with calcium for binding to proteins. 
D) Depletion of ATP normally pumps calcium from the cell.

Question 14

In decompression sickness, emboli are formed by bubbles of what?

Accepted Answer

A) Oxygen 
B) Nitrogen 
C) Carbon monoxide 
D) Hydrogen 
A) Oxygen 
B) Nitrogen 
C) Carbon monoxide 
D) Hydrogen

Question 15

The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of what hormonal process?

Accepted Answer

A) Atrophy 
B) Hyperplasia 
C) Anaplasia 
D) Dysplasia 
A) Atrophy 
B) Hyperplasia 
C) Anaplasia 
D) Dysplasia

Question 16

What is the single most common cause of cellular injury?

Accepted Answer

A) Hypoxic injury 
B) Chemical injury 
C) Infectious injury 
D) Genetic injury 
A) Hypoxic injury 
B) Chemical injury 
C) Infectious injury 
D) Genetic injury

Question 17

What are examples of adaptive cellular responses? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Atrophy 
B) Dysplasia 
C) Hypertrophy 
D) Hyperplasia 
E) Metaplasia 
A) Atrophy 
B) Dysplasia 
C) Hypertrophy 
D) Hyperplasia 
E) Metaplasia

Question 18

Which statement is true regarding the difference between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma?

Accepted Answer

A) No difference exists, and these terms may be correctly used interchangeably. 
B) A subdural hematoma occurs above the dura, an epidural hematoma occurs under the dura. 
C) A subdural hematoma is often the result of shaken baby syndrome, whereas an epidural hematoma rapidly forms as a result of a skull fracture. 
D) A subdural hematoma usually forms from bleeding within the skull, an epidural hematoma occurs from trauma outside the skull. 
A) No difference exists, and these terms may be correctly used interchangeably. 
B) A subdural hematoma occurs above the dura, an epidural hematoma occurs under the dura. 
C) A subdural hematoma is often the result of shaken baby syndrome, whereas an epidural hematoma rapidly forms as a result of a skull fracture. 
D) A subdural hematoma usually forms from bleeding within the skull, an epidural hematoma occurs from trauma outside the skull.

Question 19

After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen. This process is an example of what hormonal process?

Accepted Answer

A) Hyperplasia 
B) Dysplasia 
C) Hypertrophy 
D) Anaplasia 
A) Hyperplasia 
B) Dysplasia 
C) Hypertrophy 
D) Anaplasia

Question 20

Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?

Accepted Answer

A) Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease 
B) Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis 
C) Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease 
D) Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia 
A) Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease 
B) Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis 
C) Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease 
D) Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia

Exam 2: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents

What type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and glial cells?

What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury?

A patient suffered multiple traumatic injuries and received many blood transfusions within a few days of the injuries. For which medical condition should the healthcare professional monitor the patient for?

What type of necrosis is often associated with pulmonary tuberculosis?

What does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during ischemia cause cells to do?

During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why does an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell occur?

A healthcare professional is assessing a child whose parents report poor grades in school, trouble paying attention, and "naughty" behaviors that have become so frequent the child is always in trouble. For which health condition should the professional facilitate testing?

What is the most common site of lipid accumulation?

What is the abnormal proliferation of cells in response to excessive hormonal stimulation?

In hypoxic injury, why does sodium enter the cell and cause swelling?

Which statements are true regarding the effects of marijuana use? (Select all that apply.)

A healthcare professional is working at the health tent during a marathon. A runner is brought to the tent complaining of nausea and weakness. What is the first thing the professional should do?

What is the cause of free calcium in the cytosol that damages cell membranes by uncontrolled enzyme activation?

In decompression sickness, emboli are formed by bubbles of what?

The mammary glands enlarge during pregnancy primarily as a consequence of what hormonal process?

What is the single most common cause of cellular injury?

What are examples of adaptive cellular responses? (Select all that apply.)

Which statement is true regarding the difference between subdural hematoma and epidural hematoma?

After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen. This process is an example of what hormonal process?

Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?

Cellular Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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