Question 1

A patient perceives living in a state of chronic stress. What will diagnostic blood work ordered by the healthcare professional likely demonstrate?

Accepted Answer

A) Decreased Th lymphocytes 
B) Increased erythrocytes 
C) Decreased Tc cells 
D) Increased platelets 
A) Decreased Th lymphocytes 
B) Increased erythrocytes 
C) Decreased Tc cells 
D) Increased platelets C

Question 2

Which organ is stimulated during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

Accepted Answer

A) Adrenal cortex 
B) Hypothalamus 
C) Anterior pituitary 
D) Limbic system 
A) Adrenal cortex 
B) Hypothalamus 
C) Anterior pituitary 
D) Limbic system B

Question 3

Which statements are true regarding lymphocytes? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Lymphocytes are involved in the production of the human growth hormone. 
B) Elevated catecholamine levels influence lymphocytes. 
C) Lymphocytes are synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland. 
D) Lymphocytes have receptors for the hormone prolactin. 
E) Lymphocytes produce endorphins in large amounts. 
A) Lymphocytes are involved in the production of the human growth hormone. 
B) Elevated catecholamine levels influence lymphocytes. 
C) Lymphocytes are synthesized in the anterior pituitary gland. 
D) Lymphocytes have receptors for the hormone prolactin. 
E) Lymphocytes produce endorphins in large amounts. A, B, D

Question 4

What effect do androgens have on lymphocytes?

Accepted Answer

A) Suppression of B-cell responses and enhancement of T-cell responses 
B) Suppression of T-cell responses and enhancement of B-cell responses 
C) Suppression of B- and T-cell responses 
D) Enhancement of B- and T-cell responses 
A) Suppression of B-cell responses and enhancement of T-cell responses 
B) Suppression of T-cell responses and enhancement of B-cell responses 
C) Suppression of B- and T-cell responses 
D) Enhancement of B- and T-cell responses

Question 5

What effect of increased secretions of epinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone would the healthcare professional assess for?

Accepted Answer

A) Hyperglycemia 
B) Hypertension 
C) Bronchodilation 
D) Pupil dilation 
A) Hyperglycemia 
B) Hypertension 
C) Bronchodilation 
D) Pupil dilation

Question 6

The increased production of proinflammatory cytokines is associated with which considerations? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Chronic respiratory dysfunction 
B) Elevated anxiety levels 
C) Immune disorders 
D) Age and gender 
E) Dementia 
A) Chronic respiratory dysfunction 
B) Elevated anxiety levels 
C) Immune disorders 
D) Age and gender 
E) Dementia

Question 7

A severely stressed patient has cold, clammy skin. The healthcare professional quizzes the student about this effect. The student correctly answers that this effect is directly from which action?

Accepted Answer

A) Epinephrine dilating blood vessels leading to the vital organs 
B) Norepinephrine constricting blood vessels in the skin 
C) Dilating the airways to increased oxygenation of the tissues 
D) Dysfunctional temperature regulation from cortisol secretion 
A) Epinephrine dilating blood vessels leading to the vital organs 
B) Norepinephrine constricting blood vessels in the skin 
C) Dilating the airways to increased oxygenation of the tissues 
D) Dysfunctional temperature regulation from cortisol secretion

Question 8

A reduction in an individual's number of natural killer (NK) cells appears to correlate with an increased risk for the development of what?

Accepted Answer

A) Depression 
B) Type 1 diabetes 
C) Obsessive compulsive disorder (OC
D)  
D) Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GER
D)  
A) Depression 
B) Type 1 diabetes 
C) Obsessive compulsive disorder (OC
D)  
D) Gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GER
D)

Question 9

Exhaustion occurs if stress continues when which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is not successful?

Accepted Answer

A) Flight or fight 
B) Alarm 
C) Adaptation 
D) Arousal 
A) Flight or fight 
B) Alarm 
C) Adaptation 
D) Arousal

Question 10

Stress-induced sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla causes the secretion of what?

Accepted Answer

A) Epinephrine and aldosterone 
B) Norepinephrine and cortisol 
C) Epinephrine and norepinephrine 
D) Acetylcholine and cortisol 
A) Epinephrine and aldosterone 
B) Norepinephrine and cortisol 
C) Epinephrine and norepinephrine 
D) Acetylcholine and cortisol

Question 11

The action of which hormone helps explain increases in affective anxiety and eating disorders, mood cycles, and vulnerability to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in women as a result of stimulation of the CRH gene promoter and central norepinephrine system?

Accepted Answer

A) Progesterone 
B) Cortisol 
C) Estrogen 
D) Prolactin 
A) Progesterone 
B) Cortisol 
C) Estrogen 
D) Prolactin

Question 12

During an anticipatory response to stress, what is the reaction from the limbic system stimulated by?

Accepted Answer

A) The retronucleus of the anterior pituitary 
B) The anterior nucleus of the hippocampus 
C) The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus 
D) The prefrontal nucleus of the amygdala 
A) The retronucleus of the anterior pituitary 
B) The anterior nucleus of the hippocampus 
C) The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus 
D) The prefrontal nucleus of the amygdala

Question 13

Which statement is true concerning the differences between stress-induced hormonal alterations of men and women?

Accepted Answer

A) After injury, women produce more proinflammatory cytokines than men, a profile that is associated with poor outcomes. 
B) Androgens appear to induce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis after injury, creating greater immunosuppression in injured men than in injured women. 
C) Psychologic stress associated with some types of competition decreases both testosterone and cortisol, especially in athletes older than 45 years of age. 
D) After stressful stimuli, estrogen is increased in women, but testosterone is decreased in men. 
A) After injury, women produce more proinflammatory cytokines than men, a profile that is associated with poor outcomes. 
B) Androgens appear to induce a greater degree of immune cell apoptosis after injury, creating greater immunosuppression in injured men than in injured women. 
C) Psychologic stress associated with some types of competition decreases both testosterone and cortisol, especially in athletes older than 45 years of age. 
D) After stressful stimuli, estrogen is increased in women, but testosterone is decreased in men.

Question 14

Which hormone prompts increased anxiety, vigilance, and arousal during a stress response?

Accepted Answer

A) Norepinephrine 
B) Epinephrine 
C) Cortisol 
D) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 
A) Norepinephrine 
B) Epinephrine 
C) Cortisol 
D) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 15

A severely stressed patient has hypoglycemia each time the patient's blood glucose is checked. The healthcare professional should order laboratory tests to measure which hormone in the patient's blood?

Accepted Answer

A) Epinephrine 
B) Norepinephrine 
C) Cortisol 
D) Growth hormone 
A) Epinephrine 
B) Norepinephrine 
C) Cortisol 
D) Growth hormone

Question 16

Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) IL-1 
B) IL-6 
C) TNF-ß 
D) IFN 
E) IL-12 
A) IL-1 
B) IL-6 
C) TNF-ß 
D) IFN 
E) IL-12

Question 17

Released stress-induced cortisol results in the stimulation of gluconeogenesis by affecting which structure?

Accepted Answer

A) Adrenal cortex 
B) Pancreas 
C) Liver 
D) Anterior pituitary 
A) Adrenal cortex 
B) Pancreas 
C) Liver 
D) Anterior pituitary

Question 18

What is the most influential factor in whether a person will experience a stress reaction?

Accepted Answer

A) General state of physical health 
B) Spiritual belief system 
C) Intellectual abilities 
D) Ability to cope 
A) General state of physical health 
B) Spiritual belief system 
C) Intellectual abilities 
D) Ability to cope

Question 19

What are the signs that a patient is in the adaptive stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

Accepted Answer

A) He or she begins to experience elevated heart and respiratory rates. 
B) He or she finds it difficult to concentrate on a solution for the stress. 
C) The patient perceives his or her only options are to run away or fight back. 
D) The patient has exceeded his or her ability to cope with the current situation. 
A) He or she begins to experience elevated heart and respiratory rates. 
B) He or she finds it difficult to concentrate on a solution for the stress. 
C) The patient perceives his or her only options are to run away or fight back. 
D) The patient has exceeded his or her ability to cope with the current situation.

Question 20

A student asks the healthcare professional how immunity is decreased by stress. The professional responds that during a stress response, the helper T (Th) 1 response is suppressed by which hormone?

Accepted Answer

A) ACTH 
B) Cortisol 
C) Prolactin 
D) Growth hormone 
A) ACTH 
B) Cortisol 
C) Prolactin 
D) Growth hormone

Exam 11: Stress and Disease

A patient perceives living in a state of chronic stress. What will diagnostic blood work ordered by the healthcare professional likely demonstrate?

Which organ is stimulated during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)?

Which statements are true regarding lymphocytes? (Select all that apply.)

What effect do androgens have on lymphocytes?

What effect of increased secretions of epinephrine, glucagon, and growth hormone would the healthcare professional assess for?

The increased production of proinflammatory cytokines is associated with which considerations? (Select all that apply.)

A severely stressed patient has cold, clammy skin. The healthcare professional quizzes the student about this effect. The student correctly answers that this effect is directly from which action?

A reduction in an individual's number of natural killer (NK) cells appears to correlate with an increased risk for the development of what?

Exhaustion occurs if stress continues when which stage of the general adaptation syndrome is not successful?

Stress-induced sympathetic stimulation of the adrenal medulla causes the secretion of what?

The action of which hormone helps explain increases in affective anxiety and eating disorders, mood cycles, and vulnerability to autoimmune and inflammatory diseases in women as a result of stimulation of the CRH gene promoter and central norepinephrine system?

During an anticipatory response to stress, what is the reaction from the limbic system stimulated by?

Which statement is true concerning the differences between stress-induced hormonal alterations of men and women?

Which hormone prompts increased anxiety, vigilance, and arousal during a stress response?

A severely stressed patient has hypoglycemia each time the patient's blood glucose is checked. The healthcare professional should order laboratory tests to measure which hormone in the patient's blood?

Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)? (Select all that apply.)

Released stress-induced cortisol results in the stimulation of gluconeogenesis by affecting which structure?

What is the most influential factor in whether a person will experience a stress reaction?

What are the signs that a patient is in the adaptive stage of the general adaptation syndrome?

A student asks the healthcare professional how immunity is decreased by stress. The professional responds that during a stress response, the helper T (Th) 1 response is suppressed by which hormone?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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