Exam 40: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

A healthcare professional has taught a parent group about the causes of enuresis. What statement by a parent indicates the professional needs to give more information?

What causes vesicoureteral reflux to occur in children?

Which cells of the inflammatory process are found in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis? (Select all that apply.)

Which structural anomalies are associated with urinary tract malformations? (Select all that apply.)

Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) may be accompanied by a positive throat or skin culture for which bacteria?

Which statements are true regarding the narrow chemical safety margin that infants demonstrate? (Select all that apply.)

What initiates inflammation in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

When does urine formation and excretion begin?

Bacteria gain access to the female urinary tract by which means?

The functional kidney is associated with which embryonic organ?

A child with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis is voiding smoky, brown-colored urine and asks the healthcare professional to explain what causes it. What explanation by the professional is best?

What is the first indication of nephrotic syndrome in children?

The excretion of urea is low in infants because of which features? (Select all that apply.)

In immunoglobulin G (IgG) nephropathies such as glomerulonephritis, IgG is deposited in which location?

Which anomaly is often associated with Wilms tumor?

When does an individual have their full complement of renal nephrons?

What problems are commonly associated with the diagnosis of horseshoe kidneys? (Select all that apply.)

Which factors are involved in the development of hypospadias? (Select all that apply.)

What term is used to identify the condition that exists when the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis?

Compared with an adult, an infant has a greater content of extracellular fluid, as well as a greater rate of fluid exchange. What effect does this have on the fluid balance of a child compared with that of an adult?