Question 1

Which statements regarding the term myelodysplasia are true? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Myelodysplasia is used to define a defect in the formation of the spinal cord. 
B) It can be used to refer to brain anomalies involving missing brain tissue. 
C) Myelodysplasia correctly includes encephaloceles. 
D) It is used to describe a herniation of brain and meninges through a defect in the skull. 
E) Myelodysplasia can be used to refer to a form of spina bifida. 
A) Myelodysplasia is used to define a defect in the formation of the spinal cord. 
B) It can be used to refer to brain anomalies involving missing brain tissue. 
C) Myelodysplasia correctly includes encephaloceles. 
D) It is used to describe a herniation of brain and meninges through a defect in the skull. 
E) Myelodysplasia can be used to refer to a form of spina bifida. A, E

Question 2

Parents bring their 1-year-old child to the emergency department, reporting that the child has been irritable and pounding on her head, has projectile vomiting, and seems very sleepy for most of the last 3 days. What diagnostic testing does the healthcare professional prepare the child and parents for as the priority?

Accepted Answer

A) Brain scanning with either CT or MRI 
B) Lumbar puncture with CSF cultures 
C) Developmental assessment 
D) Ophthalmologic assessment 
A) Brain scanning with either CT or MRI 
B) Lumbar puncture with CSF cultures 
C) Developmental assessment 
D) Ophthalmologic assessment A

Question 3

A pregnant woman is seen for the first time at 6 months' gestation and has not taken prenatal vitamins. The healthcare professional educates the woman on the need for a blood test specifically to assess what substance?

Accepted Answer

A) Total protein 
B) Culture 
C) a-Fetoprotein 
D) C-reactive protein 
A) Total protein 
B) Culture 
C) a-Fetoprotein 
D) C-reactive protein C

Question 4

What is the result of a Chiari type II malformation associated with a myelomeningocele?

Accepted Answer

A) Upward displacement of the cerebellum into the diencephalon 
B) Motor and sensory lesions below the level of the myelomeningocele 
C) Downward displacement of the cerebellum, brainstem, and fourth ventricle 
D) Generalized cerebral edema and hydrocephalus 
A) Upward displacement of the cerebellum into the diencephalon 
B) Motor and sensory lesions below the level of the myelomeningocele 
C) Downward displacement of the cerebellum, brainstem, and fourth ventricle 
D) Generalized cerebral edema and hydrocephalus

Question 5

An infant is brought to the emergency department by parents who report that the baby's fontanels seem to be bulging outward. What action by the healthcare provider is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

A) Assess the baby for recent trauma to the head. 
B) Measure the head circumference and plot it on a growth chart. 
C) Prepare the baby for a lumbar puncture and blood cultures. 
D) Determine how much fluid the baby had in the last 24 hours. 
A) Assess the baby for recent trauma to the head. 
B) Measure the head circumference and plot it on a growth chart. 
C) Prepare the baby for a lumbar puncture and blood cultures. 
D) Determine how much fluid the baby had in the last 24 hours.

Question 6

A baby demonstrates asymmetric pathological reflexes and microcephaly at a 9-month checkup. The baby appeared normal at birth. What action by the healthcare professional is best?

Accepted Answer

A) Determine the baby's risk for developing an HIV infection since birth. 
B) Assess the baby for other signs of child abuse or neglect. 
C) Ask the mother if she uses drugs or alcohol in excess. 
D) Perform spinal cord imaging and other diagnostic studies. 
A) Determine the baby's risk for developing an HIV infection since birth. 
B) Assess the baby for other signs of child abuse or neglect. 
C) Ask the mother if she uses drugs or alcohol in excess. 
D) Perform spinal cord imaging and other diagnostic studies.

Question 7

What is the anomaly in which the soft bony component of the skull and much of the brain is missing?

Accepted Answer

A) Anencephaly 
B) Myelodysplasia 
C) Cranial meningocele 
D) Hydrocephaly 
A) Anencephaly 
B) Myelodysplasia 
C) Cranial meningocele 
D) Hydrocephaly

Question 8

What is the most common cause of obstructive hydrocephalus in infants?

Accepted Answer

A) Obstructed arachnoid villi 
B) Stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius 
C) Excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid 
D) Impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation in the subarachnoid space 
A) Obstructed arachnoid villi 
B) Stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius 
C) Excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid 
D) Impaired cerebrospinal fluid circulation in the subarachnoid space

Question 9

Which defect of neural tube closure is most common?

Accepted Answer

A) Anterior 
B) Posterior 
C) Lateral 
D) Midline 
A) Anterior 
B) Posterior 
C) Lateral 
D) Midline

Question 10

The neural groove closes dorsally during which week of gestational life?

Accepted Answer

A) Second 
B) Fourth 
C) Eighth 
D) Twelfth 
A) Second 
B) Fourth 
C) Eighth 
D) Twelfth

Question 11

A healthcare professional teaches a parenting class that benign febrile seizures are characterized by what?

Accepted Answer

A) A temperature higher than 38.5°C (101.3°F) 
B) Concurrent respiratory or ear infections 
C) Onset after the fifth year of life 
D) Episodes lasting 30 min or longer 
A) A temperature higher than 38.5°C (101.3°F) 
B) Concurrent respiratory or ear infections 
C) Onset after the fifth year of life 
D) Episodes lasting 30 min or longer

Question 12

A student reads in a chart that a baby was born with an encephalocele. The student asks the healthcare professional to explain this condition. What explanation by the healthcare professional is best?

Accepted Answer

A) A herniation or protrusion of brain and meninges through a defect in the skull 
B) A protruding saclike cyst of meninges filled with spinal fluid and is a mild form of spina bifida 
C) Protrusion of a saclike cyst containing meninges, spinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord through a defect in the posterior arch of a vertebra 
D) Premature closure of one or more of the cranial sutures during the first 18 to 20 months of an infant's life 
A) A herniation or protrusion of brain and meninges through a defect in the skull 
B) A protruding saclike cyst of meninges filled with spinal fluid and is a mild form of spina bifida 
C) Protrusion of a saclike cyst containing meninges, spinal fluid, and a portion of the spinal cord through a defect in the posterior arch of a vertebra 
D) Premature closure of one or more of the cranial sutures during the first 18 to 20 months of an infant's life

Question 13

What can microcephaly be caused by? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Autosomal gene alterations 
B) Prenatal physical abuse of the mother 
C) X-linked gene alterations 
D) Toxic-induced chromosomal defects 
E) Maternal anorexia 
A) Autosomal gene alterations 
B) Prenatal physical abuse of the mother 
C) X-linked gene alterations 
D) Toxic-induced chromosomal defects 
E) Maternal anorexia

Question 14

A 7 months old in the clinic displays an intact tonic neck reflex. What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

A) Chart the finding as normal in the child's chart. 
B) Assess the baby for signs of malnutrition. 
C) Educate the parents on how to improve mobility. 
D) Assess the child's development further. 
A) Chart the finding as normal in the child's chart. 
B) Assess the baby for signs of malnutrition. 
C) Educate the parents on how to improve mobility. 
D) Assess the child's development further.

Question 15

The clinical manifestations of dyskinetic cerebral palsy include what?

Accepted Answer

A) Increased muscle tone and prolonged primitive reflexes 
B) Exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, clonus, and rigidity of extremities 
C) Scoliosis, contractures, and stiffness of trunk muscles 
D) Jerky uncontrolled and abrupt fine musculoskeletal movements 
A) Increased muscle tone and prolonged primitive reflexes 
B) Exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, clonus, and rigidity of extremities 
C) Scoliosis, contractures, and stiffness of trunk muscles 
D) Jerky uncontrolled and abrupt fine musculoskeletal movements

Question 16

A healthcare professional advises a pregnant woman to add supplements of which nutrient to her diet to prevent birth defects?

Accepted Answer

A) Iron 
B) Vitamin C 
C) Zinc 
D) Folate 
A) Iron 
B) Vitamin C 
C) Zinc 
D) Folate

Question 17

A baby is born with a myelomeningocele and needs urgent surgery to repair the defect. The parents want to take the baby home instead. What does the healthcare professional tell the parents about the purpose of this surgery?

Accepted Answer

A) "Surgery is much easier on a tiny infant than on a larger, older baby." 
B) "If your baby has surgery this young, he/she cannot feel pain." 
C) "Additional nervous system damage will occur the longer we wait." 
D) "Prompt surgery is needed to prevent total paralysis later on." 
A) "Surgery is much easier on a tiny infant than on a larger, older baby." 
B) "If your baby has surgery this young, he/she cannot feel pain." 
C) "Additional nervous system damage will occur the longer we wait." 
D) "Prompt surgery is needed to prevent total paralysis later on."

Question 18

A child has phenylketonuria (PKU). The healthcare professional educates the parents on the special diet needed, telling them that children with PKU are unable to synthesize what?

Accepted Answer

A) Essential amino acid, phenylalanine, to tyrosine 
B) Renin, erythropoietin, and antidiuretic hormone 
C) Aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens 
D) Neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAB
A)  and acetylcholine 
A) Essential amino acid, phenylalanine, to tyrosine 
B) Renin, erythropoietin, and antidiuretic hormone 
C) Aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens 
D) Neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAB
A)  and acetylcholine

Question 19

Gait disturbances and instability are characteristic of which form of cerebral palsy?

Accepted Answer

A) Spastic 
B) Dystonic 
C) Ataxic 
D) Biochemical 
A) Spastic 
B) Dystonic 
C) Ataxic 
D) Biochemical

Exam 20: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Which statements regarding the term myelodysplasia are true? (Select all that apply.)

A pregnant woman is seen for the first time at 6 months' gestation and has not taken prenatal vitamins. The healthcare professional educates the woman on the need for a blood test specifically to assess what substance?

What is the result of a Chiari type II malformation associated with a myelomeningocele?

An infant is brought to the emergency department by parents who report that the baby's fontanels seem to be bulging outward. What action by the healthcare provider is most appropriate?

A baby demonstrates asymmetric pathological reflexes and microcephaly at a 9-month checkup. The baby appeared normal at birth. What action by the healthcare professional is best?

What is the anomaly in which the soft bony component of the skull and much of the brain is missing?

What is the most common cause of obstructive hydrocephalus in infants?

Which defect of neural tube closure is most common?

The neural groove closes dorsally during which week of gestational life?

A healthcare professional teaches a parenting class that benign febrile seizures are characterized by what?

A student reads in a chart that a baby was born with an encephalocele. The student asks the healthcare professional to explain this condition. What explanation by the healthcare professional is best?

What can microcephaly be caused by? (Select all that apply.)

A 7 months old in the clinic displays an intact tonic neck reflex. What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?

The clinical manifestations of dyskinetic cerebral palsy include what?

A healthcare professional advises a pregnant woman to add supplements of which nutrient to her diet to prevent birth defects?

A baby is born with a myelomeningocele and needs urgent surgery to repair the defect. The parents want to take the baby home instead. What does the healthcare professional tell the parents about the purpose of this surgery?

A child has phenylketonuria (PKU). The healthcare professional educates the parents on the special diet needed, telling them that children with PKU are unable to synthesize what?

Gait disturbances and instability are characteristic of which form of cerebral palsy?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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