Question 1

Which statements concerning aging and the occurrence of cancer are true? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Decline in immunologic functions 
B) Predisposition to nutritional inadequacies 
C) Unwillingness to access healthcare services 
D) Reluctance to engage in cancer screenings 
E) Effects of immobility on the immune system 
A) Decline in immunologic functions 
B) Predisposition to nutritional inadequacies 
C) Unwillingness to access healthcare services 
D) Reluctance to engage in cancer screenings 
E) Effects of immobility on the immune system A, B, E

Question 2

What is the consequence for cells when the functioning TP53 gene is lost as a result of mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) Cells undergo apoptosis. 
B) Cells escape apoptosis. 
C) Cells receive less oxygen. 
D) Cells adhere more readily. 
A) Cells undergo apoptosis. 
B) Cells escape apoptosis. 
C) Cells receive less oxygen. 
D) Cells adhere more readily. B

Question 3

How does the ras gene convert from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene?

Accepted Answer

A) Designating a chromosome that has a piece of one chromosome fused to a piece of another chromosome 
B) Duplicating a small piece of a chromosome, repeatedly making numerous copies 
C) Altering one or more nucleotide base pairs 
D) Promoting proliferation of growth signals by impairing tumor-suppressor genes 
A) Designating a chromosome that has a piece of one chromosome fused to a piece of another chromosome 
B) Duplicating a small piece of a chromosome, repeatedly making numerous copies 
C) Altering one or more nucleotide base pairs 
D) Promoting proliferation of growth signals by impairing tumor-suppressor genes C

Question 4

What does the student learn about pleomorphic cells?

Accepted Answer

A) Pleomorphic cells are similar in size. 
B) They have different sizes and shapes. 
C) They are a result of anaplasia. 
D) Pleomorphic cells differentiate uniformly. 
A) Pleomorphic cells are similar in size. 
B) They have different sizes and shapes. 
C) They are a result of anaplasia. 
D) Pleomorphic cells differentiate uniformly.

Question 5

What is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in cell metastasis?

Accepted Answer

A) To stimulate growth of nearby tumor cells 
B) To develop new blood vessels to feed cancer cells 
C) To prevent cancer cells from escaping apoptosis 
D) To act as a chemical gradient to guide cells to blood vessels 
A) To stimulate growth of nearby tumor cells 
B) To develop new blood vessels to feed cancer cells 
C) To prevent cancer cells from escaping apoptosis 
D) To act as a chemical gradient to guide cells to blood vessels

Question 6

Which term is used to describe a cell showing a loss of cellular differentiation?

Accepted Answer

A) Dysplasia 
B) Hyperplasia 
C) Metaplasia 
D) Anaplasia 
A) Dysplasia 
B) Hyperplasia 
C) Metaplasia 
D) Anaplasia

Question 7

Which statement supports the hypothesis that intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage in the development of colon cancer?

Accepted Answer

A) Cancer cells accumulate slower than noncancer cells. 
B) An accumulation of mutations in specific genes is required to develop cancer. 
C) Tumor invasion and metastasis progress more slowly in the gastrointestinal tract. 
D) Apoptosis is triggered by diverse stimuli, including excessive growth. 
A) Cancer cells accumulate slower than noncancer cells. 
B) An accumulation of mutations in specific genes is required to develop cancer. 
C) Tumor invasion and metastasis progress more slowly in the gastrointestinal tract. 
D) Apoptosis is triggered by diverse stimuli, including excessive growth.

Question 8

Which gastrointestinal tract condition can be an outcome of both chemotherapy and radiation therapy?

Accepted Answer

A) Increased cell turnover 
B) Constipation 
C) Stomatitis 
D) Bloody stool 
A) Increased cell turnover 
B) Constipation 
C) Stomatitis 
D) Bloody stool

Question 9

What is apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct when growth is excessive 
B) Antigrowth signal activated by the tumor-suppressor gene Rb 
C) Mutation of cell growth stimulated by the TP53 gene 
D) Transformation of cells from dysplasia to anaplasia 
A) Normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct when growth is excessive 
B) Antigrowth signal activated by the tumor-suppressor gene Rb 
C) Mutation of cell growth stimulated by the TP53 gene 
D) Transformation of cells from dysplasia to anaplasia

Question 10

It has been determined that a patient's tumor is in stage 2. How does the healthcare professional describe this finding to the patient?

Accepted Answer

A) Cancer is confined to the organ of origin. 
B) Cancer has spread to regional structures. 
C) Cancer is locally invasive. 
D) Cancer has spread to distant sites. 
A) Cancer is confined to the organ of origin. 
B) Cancer has spread to regional structures. 
C) Cancer is locally invasive. 
D) Cancer has spread to distant sites.

Question 11

A child has been diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). What does the healthcare professional tell the parents about the survival rate at 5 years for this disease?

Accepted Answer

A) 90% 
B) 70% 
C) 40% 
D) 20% 
A) 90% 
B) 70% 
C) 40% 
D) 20%

Question 12

The professor explains to students that oncogenes are genes that are capable of what?

Accepted Answer

A) Undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation 
B) Directing synthesis of proteins to regulate growth and to provide necessary replacement of tissue 
C) Encoding proteins that negatively regulate the synthesis of proteins to slow or halt the replacement of tissue 
D) Undergoing mutation that directs malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymph nodes for metastasis 
A) Undergoing mutation that directs the synthesis of proteins to accelerate the rate of tissue proliferation 
B) Directing synthesis of proteins to regulate growth and to provide necessary replacement of tissue 
C) Encoding proteins that negatively regulate the synthesis of proteins to slow or halt the replacement of tissue 
D) Undergoing mutation that directs malignant tissue toward blood vessels and lymph nodes for metastasis

Question 13

What cellular characteristics are affected by anaplasia? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Size 
B) Ability to differentiate 
C) Life expectancy 
D) Tissue structure 
E) Shape 
A) Size 
B) Ability to differentiate 
C) Life expectancy 
D) Tissue structure 
E) Shape

Question 14

What are the most common causes of nosocomial infections among patients with cancer? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Indwelling medical devices 
B) Suppressed immune system 
C) Visitor-introduced microorganisms 
D) Poor appetite 
E) Inadequate wound care 
A) Indwelling medical devices 
B) Suppressed immune system 
C) Visitor-introduced microorganisms 
D) Poor appetite 
E) Inadequate wound care

Question 15

What does the health professions student learn about benign tumors?

Accepted Answer

A) The resulting pain is severe. 
B) Benign tumors are not encapsulated. 
C) Benign tumors are fast growing. 
D) The cells are well-differentiated. 
A) The resulting pain is severe. 
B) Benign tumors are not encapsulated. 
C) Benign tumors are fast growing. 
D) The cells are well-differentiated.

Question 16

Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of gene?

Accepted Answer

A) Proto-oncogenes 
B) Oncogenes 
C) Tumor-suppressor genes 
D) Growth-promoting genes 
A) Proto-oncogenes 
B) Oncogenes 
C) Tumor-suppressor genes 
D) Growth-promoting genes

Question 17

A cancer patient has pain at the tumor site and is worried the tumor has metastasized. What does the healthcare provider understand about this patient's complaint?

Accepted Answer

A) Pain is primarily a result of pressure caused by the tumor. 
B) Pain indicates the metastasis of a cancer. 
C) Pain is usually the initial symptom of cancer. 
D) Pain is generally associated with late-stage cancer. 
A) Pain is primarily a result of pressure caused by the tumor. 
B) Pain indicates the metastasis of a cancer. 
C) Pain is usually the initial symptom of cancer. 
D) Pain is generally associated with late-stage cancer.

Question 18

What is one function of the tumor cell marker?

Accepted Answer

A) To provide a definitive diagnosis of cancer 
B) To treat certain types of cancer 
C) To predict where cancers will develop 
D) To screen individuals at high risk for cancer 
A) To provide a definitive diagnosis of cancer 
B) To treat certain types of cancer 
C) To predict where cancers will develop 
D) To screen individuals at high risk for cancer

Question 19

What are tumor cell markers?

Accepted Answer

A) Hormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies that are produced by cancer cells 
B) Receptor sites on tumor cells that can be identified and marked 
C) Cytokines that are produced against cancer cells 
D) Identification marks that are used in administering radiation therapy 
A) Hormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies that are produced by cancer cells 
B) Receptor sites on tumor cells that can be identified and marked 
C) Cytokines that are produced against cancer cells 
D) Identification marks that are used in administering radiation therapy

Question 20

The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer?

Accepted Answer

A) Ovarian 
B) Uterine 
C) Cervical 
D) Vaginal 
A) Ovarian 
B) Uterine 
C) Cervical 
D) Vaginal

Exam 12: Cancer Biology

Which statements concerning aging and the occurrence of cancer are true? (Select all that apply.)

What is the consequence for cells when the functioning TP53 gene is lost as a result of mutation?

How does the ras gene convert from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene?

What does the student learn about pleomorphic cells?

What is the role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in cell metastasis?

Which term is used to describe a cell showing a loss of cellular differentiation?

Which statement supports the hypothesis that intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage in the development of colon cancer?

Which gastrointestinal tract condition can be an outcome of both chemotherapy and radiation therapy?

What is apoptosis?

It has been determined that a patient's tumor is in stage 2. How does the healthcare professional describe this finding to the patient?

A child has been diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). What does the healthcare professional tell the parents about the survival rate at 5 years for this disease?

The professor explains to students that oncogenes are genes that are capable of what?

What cellular characteristics are affected by anaplasia? (Select all that apply.)

What are the most common causes of nosocomial infections among patients with cancer? (Select all that apply.)

What does the health professions student learn about benign tumors?

Inherited mutations that predispose to cancer are almost invariably what kind of gene?

A cancer patient has pain at the tumor site and is worried the tumor has metastasized. What does the healthcare provider understand about this patient's complaint?

What is one function of the tumor cell marker?

What are tumor cell markers?

The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is used to screen for which cancer?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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