Question 1

Which disease form is associated with identified empirical risks?

Accepted Answer

A) Polygenic 
B) Multifactorial 
C) Monozygotic 
D) Genetic 
A) Polygenic 
B) Multifactorial 
C) Monozygotic 
D) Genetic B

Question 2

Traits caused by the combined effects of multiple genes are referred to by which term?

Accepted Answer

A) Polygenic 
B) Multifocal 
C) Modifiable 
D) Involuntary 
A) Polygenic 
B) Multifocal 
C) Modifiable 
D) Involuntary A

Question 3

What are blood pressure variations associated with?

Accepted Answer

A) b1-Adrenergic receptors to increase heart rate 
B) The release of an antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 
C) The renin-angiotensin system's effect on vasoconstriction 
D) Serum bradykinin, causing vasodilation 
A) b1-Adrenergic receptors to increase heart rate 
B) The release of an antidiuretic hormone (ADH) 
C) The renin-angiotensin system's effect on vasoconstriction 
D) Serum bradykinin, causing vasodilation C

Question 4

What are empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on?

Accepted Answer

A) Chromosomal testing 
B) Direct observation 
C) Liability thresholds 
D) Relative risks 
A) Chromosomal testing 
B) Direct observation 
C) Liability thresholds 
D) Relative risks

Question 5

What is the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)?

Accepted Answer

A) Diet high in saturated fats 
B) Increased production of cholesterol by the liver 
C) Reduction in the number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on cell surfaces 
D) Abnormal function of lipoprotein receptors circulating in the blood 
A) Diet high in saturated fats 
B) Increased production of cholesterol by the liver 
C) Reduction in the number of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors on cell surfaces 
D) Abnormal function of lipoprotein receptors circulating in the blood

Question 6

What are the two most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

Accepted Answer

A) Autoantibodies and human leukocyte antigen associations 
B) Autoantibodies and obesity 
C) Obesity and positive family history 
D) HLA associations and positive family history 
A) Autoantibodies and human leukocyte antigen associations 
B) Autoantibodies and obesity 
C) Obesity and positive family history 
D) HLA associations and positive family history

Question 7

What factors are typically considered when assessing an individual's risk for developing such common diseases as hypertension? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Age 
B) Diet 
C) Exercise habits 
D) Family history 
E) Spiritual beliefs 
A) Age 
B) Diet 
C) Exercise habits 
D) Family history 
E) Spiritual beliefs

Question 8

Which risk factor for hypertension is influenced by genetic factors and lifestyle?

Accepted Answer

A) Sodium intake 
B) Physical inactivity 
C) Psychosocial stress 
D) Obesity 
A) Sodium intake 
B) Physical inactivity 
C) Psychosocial stress 
D) Obesity

Question 9

The number of persons living with a specific disease at a specific point in time is referred to by which term?

Accepted Answer

A) Relativity 
B) Survivability 
C) Prevalence 
D) Incidence 
A) Relativity 
B) Survivability 
C) Prevalence 
D) Incidence

Question 10

Which lifestyle modifications affect health-related risk factors? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Diet 
B) Exercise 
C) Education 
D) Finances 
E) Stress reduction 
A) Diet 
B) Exercise 
C) Education 
D) Finances 
E) Stress reduction

Question 11

Adoption studies have shown that the offspring of an alcoholic parent have what amount of an increased risk of developing alcoholism when raised by a nonalcoholic parent?

Accepted Answer

A) Twofold 
B) Threefold 
C) Fourfold 
D) Tenfold 
A) Twofold 
B) Threefold 
C) Fourfold 
D) Tenfold

Question 12

The BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations increase the risk of which cancer in women?

Accepted Answer

A) Ovarian 
B) Lung 
C) Uterine 
D) Pancreatic 
A) Ovarian 
B) Lung 
C) Uterine 
D) Pancreatic

Question 13

When a woman has one first-degree relative with breast cancer, her risk of developing breast cancer is how many times greater?

Accepted Answer

A) 2 
B) 3 
C) 6 
D) 10 
A) 2 
B) 3 
C) 6 
D) 10

Question 14

The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American blacks is an example of which concept?

Accepted Answer

A) Incidence 
B) Prevalence 
C) Ratio 
D) Risk 
A) Incidence 
B) Prevalence 
C) Ratio 
D) Risk

Question 15

Studies have identified several genes that play a role in the prevention of obesity by affecting what?

Accepted Answer

A) Regulation of appetite 
B) Metabolizing of fat 
C) Absorption of fat 
D) Altering the sense of satiety 
A) Regulation of appetite 
B) Metabolizing of fat 
C) Absorption of fat 
D) Altering the sense of satiety

Question 16

The ratio of the disease among the exposed population to the disease rate in an unexposed population is referred to as what type of risk?

Accepted Answer

A) Attributable 
B) Contingency 
C) Causal 
D) Relative 
A) Attributable 
B) Contingency 
C) Causal 
D) Relative

Question 17

Regarding type 2 diabetes, obesity is considered to be what type of risk?

Accepted Answer

A) Genetic 
B) Empirical 
C) Relative 
D) Modifiable 
A) Genetic 
B) Empirical 
C) Relative 
D) Modifiable

Question 18

A student asks, "What is the percentage of all cases of breast cancer that are identified as an autosomal dominant form?" What response by the professor is best?

Accepted Answer

A) <1 
B) 5 to 10 
C) 15 to 20 
D) 20 to 30 
A) <1 
B) 5 to 10 
C) 15 to 20 
D) 20 to 30

Question 19

The number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period divided by the number of individuals in the population is defined as which characteristic of a disease?

Accepted Answer

A) Prevalence rate 
B) Incidence rate 
C) Relative risk 
D) Frequency 
A) Prevalence rate 
B) Incidence rate 
C) Relative risk 
D) Frequency

Question 20

Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for developing colon cancer?

Accepted Answer

A) Increased consumption of dairy products 
B) Increased consumption of foods containing vitamin C 
C) Decreased consumption of foods high in fat 
D) Decreased consumption of artificial food coloring 
A) Increased consumption of dairy products 
B) Increased consumption of foods containing vitamin C 
C) Decreased consumption of foods high in fat 
D) Decreased consumption of artificial food coloring

Exam 5: Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Which disease form is associated with identified empirical risks?

Traits caused by the combined effects of multiple genes are referred to by which term?

What are blood pressure variations associated with?

What are empirical risks for most multifactorial diseases based on?

What is the cause of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)?

What are the two most important risk factors for type 2 diabetes?

What factors are typically considered when assessing an individual's risk for developing such common diseases as hypertension? (Select all that apply.)

Which risk factor for hypertension is influenced by genetic factors and lifestyle?

The number of persons living with a specific disease at a specific point in time is referred to by which term?

Which lifestyle modifications affect health-related risk factors? (Select all that apply.)

Adoption studies have shown that the offspring of an alcoholic parent have what amount of an increased risk of developing alcoholism when raised by a nonalcoholic parent?

The BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations increase the risk of which cancer in women?

When a woman has one first-degree relative with breast cancer, her risk of developing breast cancer is how many times greater?

The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American blacks is an example of which concept?

Studies have identified several genes that play a role in the prevention of obesity by affecting what?

The ratio of the disease among the exposed population to the disease rate in an unexposed population is referred to as what type of risk?

Regarding type 2 diabetes, obesity is considered to be what type of risk?

A student asks, "What is the percentage of all cases of breast cancer that are identified as an autosomal dominant form?" What response by the professor is best?

The number of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period divided by the number of individuals in the population is defined as which characteristic of a disease?

Which dietary lifestyle choice has been associated with a decreased risk for developing colon cancer?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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