Question 1

Which pathologic changes are associated with Graves' disease?

Accepted Answer

A) High levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins 
B) Diminished levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone 
C) High levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone 
D) Diminished levels of thyroid-binding globulin 
A) High levels of circulating thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins 
B) Diminished levels of thyrotropin-releasing hormone 
C) High levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone 
D) Diminished levels of thyroid-binding globulin A

Question 2

Which classification of oral hypoglycemic drugs decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity and peripheral glucose uptake?

Accepted Answer

A) Biguanide (metformin) 
B) Sulfonylureas (glyburide) 
C) Meglitinides (glinides) 
D) a-Glycosidase inhibitor (miglitol) 
A) Biguanide (metformin) 
B) Sulfonylureas (glyburide) 
C) Meglitinides (glinides) 
D) a-Glycosidase inhibitor (miglitol) A

Question 3

A person diagnosed with type 1 diabetes experienced an episode of hunger, lightheadedness, tachycardia, pallor, headache, and confusion. The healthcare professional teaches the person that what is the most probable cause of these symptoms?

Accepted Answer

A) Hyperglycemia caused by incorrect insulin administration 
B) Dawn phenomenon from eating a snack before bedtime 
C) Hypoglycemia caused by increased exercise 
D) Somogyi effect from insulin sensitivity 
A) Hyperglycemia caused by incorrect insulin administration 
B) Dawn phenomenon from eating a snack before bedtime 
C) Hypoglycemia caused by increased exercise 
D) Somogyi effect from insulin sensitivity C

Question 4

What does Graves' disease develop from?

Accepted Answer

A) A viral infection of the thyroid gland that causes overproduction of thyroid hormone 
B) An autoimmune process during which lymphocytes and fibrous tissue replace thyroid tissue 
C) A thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin that causes overproduction of thyroid hormones 
D) An ingestion of goitrogens that inhibits the synthesis of the thyroid hormones, causing a goiter 
A) A viral infection of the thyroid gland that causes overproduction of thyroid hormone 
B) An autoimmune process during which lymphocytes and fibrous tissue replace thyroid tissue 
C) A thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin that causes overproduction of thyroid hormones 
D) An ingestion of goitrogens that inhibits the synthesis of the thyroid hormones, causing a goiter

Question 5

A patient has a suspected thyroid carcinoma. What diagnostic test does the healthcare professional prepare the patient for?

Accepted Answer

A) Measurement of serum thyroid levels 
B) Radioisotope scanning 
C) Ultrasonography 
D) Fine-needle aspiration biopsy 
A) Measurement of serum thyroid levels 
B) Radioisotope scanning 
C) Ultrasonography 
D) Fine-needle aspiration biopsy

Question 6

A patient has nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI). What treatment does the healthcare professional anticipate for this patient?

Accepted Answer

A) Exogenous ADH replacement 
B) Intranasal desmopressin 
C) Water and sodium restriction 
D) Loop diuretic administration 
A) Exogenous ADH replacement 
B) Intranasal desmopressin 
C) Water and sodium restriction 
D) Loop diuretic administration

Question 7

Renal failure is the most common cause of which type of hyperparathyroidism?

Accepted Answer

A) Primary 
B) Secondary 
C) Exogenous 
D) Inflammatory 
A) Primary 
B) Secondary 
C) Exogenous 
D) Inflammatory

Question 8

Which condition may result from pressure exerted by a pituitary tumor?

Accepted Answer

A) Hypothyroidism 
B) Hypercortisolism 
C) Diabetes insipidus 
D) Insulin hyposecretion 
A) Hypothyroidism 
B) Hypercortisolism 
C) Diabetes insipidus 
D) Insulin hyposecretion

Question 9

A patient has acromegaly. What assessment by the healthcare professional would be most important?

Accepted Answer

A) Skin condition 
B) Sleep patterns 
C) Bowel function 
D) Range of motion 
A) Skin condition 
B) Sleep patterns 
C) Bowel function 
D) Range of motion

Question 10

What causes the microvascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

A) The capillaries contain plaques of lipids that obstruct blood flow. 
B) Pressure in capillaries increases as a result of the elevated glucose attracting water. 
C) The capillary basement membranes thicken, and cell hyperplasia develops. 
D) Fibrous plaques form from the proliferation of subendothelial smooth muscle of arteries. 
A) The capillaries contain plaques of lipids that obstruct blood flow. 
B) Pressure in capillaries increases as a result of the elevated glucose attracting water. 
C) The capillary basement membranes thicken, and cell hyperplasia develops. 
D) Fibrous plaques form from the proliferation of subendothelial smooth muscle of arteries.

Question 11

A healthcare professional is palpating the neck of a person diagnosed with Graves' disease. What finding would the professional associate with this disorder?

Accepted Answer

A) Parathyroids left of midline 
B) Thyroid small with discrete nodules 
C) Parathyroids normal in size 
D) Thyroid diffusely enlarged 
A) Parathyroids left of midline 
B) Thyroid small with discrete nodules 
C) Parathyroids normal in size 
D) Thyroid diffusely enlarged

Question 12

Which patient would the healthcare professional assess for other signs of thyrotoxic crisis?

Accepted Answer

A) Constipation with gastric distention 
B) Bradycardia and bradypnea 
C) Hyperthermia and tachycardia 
D) Constipation and lethargy 
A) Constipation with gastric distention 
B) Bradycardia and bradypnea 
C) Hyperthermia and tachycardia 
D) Constipation and lethargy

Question 13

A patient chart notes the patient has amenorrhea, galactorrhea, hirsutism, and osteoporosis. What diagnostic test would the healthcare professional prepare the patient for?

Accepted Answer

A) Water deprivation test 
B) Hemoglobin A1C 
C) CT scan of the head 
D) Ovarian biopsy 
A) Water deprivation test 
B) Hemoglobin A1C 
C) CT scan of the head 
D) Ovarian biopsy

Question 14

Which laboratory value would the nurse expect to find if a person is experiencing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?

Accepted Answer

A) Hypernatremia and urine hypoosmolality 
B) Serum potassium (K+) level of 5 mEq/L and urine hyperosmolality compared to serum 
C) Serum sodium (Na+) level of 120 mEq/L and serum osmolality 260 mOsm/kg 
D) Serum potassium (K+) of 2.8 mEq/L and serum hyperosmolality 
A) Hypernatremia and urine hypoosmolality 
B) Serum potassium (K+) level of 5 mEq/L and urine hyperosmolality compared to serum 
C) Serum sodium (Na+) level of 120 mEq/L and serum osmolality 260 mOsm/kg 
D) Serum potassium (K+) of 2.8 mEq/L and serum hyperosmolality

Question 15

Which form of diabetic insipidus (DI) will result if the target cells for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the renal collecting tubules demonstrate insensitivity?

Accepted Answer

A) Neurogenic 
B) Nephrogenic 
C) Psychogenic 
D) Ischemic 
A) Neurogenic 
B) Nephrogenic 
C) Psychogenic 
D) Ischemic

Question 16

What is diabetes insipidus a result of?

Accepted Answer

A) Antidiuretic hormone hyposecretion 
B) Antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion 
C) Insulin hyposecretion 
D) Insulin hypersecretion 
A) Antidiuretic hormone hyposecretion 
B) Antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion 
C) Insulin hyposecretion 
D) Insulin hypersecretion

Question 17

A person has hypothyroidism. What chemical does the healthcare professional advise the person to include in the diet?

Accepted Answer

A) Iron 
B) Iodine 
C) Zinc 
D) Magnesium 
A) Iron 
B) Iodine 
C) Zinc 
D) Magnesium

Question 18

A person may experience which complications as a result of a reduction in parathyroid hormone (PTH)? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Muscle spasms 
B) Tonic-clonic seizures 
C) Laryngeal spasms 
D) Hyporeflexia 
E) Asphyxiation 
A) Muscle spasms 
B) Tonic-clonic seizures 
C) Laryngeal spasms 
D) Hyporeflexia 
E) Asphyxiation

Question 19

A healthcare professional reads a chart that notes the patient has panhypopituitarism. What does the professional understand that term to mean?

Accepted Answer

A) The patient has a lack of all hormones associated with the anterior pituitary gland. 
B) The patient has a lack of all hormones associated with the lateral pituitary gland. 
C) The patient has total adrenocorticoptropic hormone deficiency. 
D) The patient has a dysfunction of the posterior pituitary gland due to a tumor. 
A) The patient has a lack of all hormones associated with the anterior pituitary gland. 
B) The patient has a lack of all hormones associated with the lateral pituitary gland. 
C) The patient has total adrenocorticoptropic hormone deficiency. 
D) The patient has a dysfunction of the posterior pituitary gland due to a tumor.

Question 20

Visual disturbances are a result of a pituitary adenoma because of what?

Accepted Answer

A) Liberation of anterior pituitary hormones into the optic chiasm 
B) Pituitary hormones clouding the lens of the eyes 
C) Pressure of the tumor on the optic chiasm 
D) Pressure of the tumor on the optic and oculomotor cranial nerves 
A) Liberation of anterior pituitary hormones into the optic chiasm 
B) Pituitary hormones clouding the lens of the eyes 
C) Pressure of the tumor on the optic chiasm 
D) Pressure of the tumor on the optic and oculomotor cranial nerves

Exam 22: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Which pathologic changes are associated with Graves' disease?

Which classification of oral hypoglycemic drugs decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity and peripheral glucose uptake?

A person diagnosed with type 1 diabetes experienced an episode of hunger, lightheadedness, tachycardia, pallor, headache, and confusion. The healthcare professional teaches the person that what is the most probable cause of these symptoms?

What does Graves' disease develop from?

A patient has a suspected thyroid carcinoma. What diagnostic test does the healthcare professional prepare the patient for?

A patient has nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI). What treatment does the healthcare professional anticipate for this patient?

Renal failure is the most common cause of which type of hyperparathyroidism?

Which condition may result from pressure exerted by a pituitary tumor?

A patient has acromegaly. What assessment by the healthcare professional would be most important?

What causes the microvascular complications in patients with diabetes mellitus?

A healthcare professional is palpating the neck of a person diagnosed with Graves' disease. What finding would the professional associate with this disorder?

Which patient would the healthcare professional assess for other signs of thyrotoxic crisis?

A patient chart notes the patient has amenorrhea, galactorrhea, hirsutism, and osteoporosis. What diagnostic test would the healthcare professional prepare the patient for?

Which laboratory value would the nurse expect to find if a person is experiencing syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)?

Which form of diabetic insipidus (DI) will result if the target cells for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the renal collecting tubules demonstrate insensitivity?

What is diabetes insipidus a result of?

A person has hypothyroidism. What chemical does the healthcare professional advise the person to include in the diet?

A person may experience which complications as a result of a reduction in parathyroid hormone (PTH)? (Select all that apply.)

A healthcare professional reads a chart that notes the patient has panhypopituitarism. What does the professional understand that term to mean?

Visual disturbances are a result of a pituitary adenoma because of what?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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