Question 1

By what mechanism does intussusception cause an intestinal obstruction?

Accepted Answer

A) Telescoping of part of the intestine into another section of intestine 
B) Twisting the intestine on its mesenteric pedicle 
C) Loss of peristaltic motor activity in the intestine 
D) Fibrin and scar tissue that attaches to the intestinal omentum 
A) Telescoping of part of the intestine into another section of intestine 
B) Twisting the intestine on its mesenteric pedicle 
C) Loss of peristaltic motor activity in the intestine 
D) Fibrin and scar tissue that attaches to the intestinal omentum A

Question 2

Which clinical manifestations are consistent with cancer of the cecum and ascending colon? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Mahogany-colored blood mixed with stool 
B) Anemia 
C) Pain 
D) Constipation 
E) Palpable mass in the lower right quadrant 
A) Mahogany-colored blood mixed with stool 
B) Anemia 
C) Pain 
D) Constipation 
E) Palpable mass in the lower right quadrant A, B, C, E

Question 3

A professor has taught the students about the sources of increased ammonia in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. What statement by a student indicates the professor should review this material?

Accepted Answer

A) End products of intestinal protein digestion are sources of increased ammonia. 
B) Digested blood leaking from ruptured varices is a source of increased ammonia. 
C) Accumulation of short-chain fatty acids are a source of increased ammonia. 
D) Ammonia-forming bacteria in the colon are sources of increased ammonia. 
A) End products of intestinal protein digestion are sources of increased ammonia. 
B) Digested blood leaking from ruptured varices is a source of increased ammonia. 
C) Accumulation of short-chain fatty acids are a source of increased ammonia. 
D) Ammonia-forming bacteria in the colon are sources of increased ammonia. C

Question 4

A patient has portal hypertension-induced splenomegaly. Which lab value would the healthcare professional associate with this condition?

Accepted Answer

A) Low white blood cell count 
B) Low platelet count 
C) High red cell count 
D) High hemoglobin and hematocrit 
A) Low white blood cell count 
B) Low platelet count 
C) High red cell count 
D) High hemoglobin and hematocrit

Question 5

Which information about chronic gastritis does the student learn? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Chronic gastritis tends to occur more in older adults. 
B) It causes thinning and degeneration of the stomach wall. 
C) Chronic gastritis results in chronic inflammation and mucosal atrophy. 
D) Mucosal atrophy is a common outcome of chronic gastritis. 
E) Epithelial metaplasia is often observed with chronic gastritis. 
A) Chronic gastritis tends to occur more in older adults. 
B) It causes thinning and degeneration of the stomach wall. 
C) Chronic gastritis results in chronic inflammation and mucosal atrophy. 
D) Mucosal atrophy is a common outcome of chronic gastritis. 
E) Epithelial metaplasia is often observed with chronic gastritis.

Question 6

What is the cause of functional dysphagia?

Accepted Answer

A) Intrinsic mechanical obstruction 
B) Extrinsic mechanical obstruction 
C) Tumor 
D) Neural or muscular disorders 
A) Intrinsic mechanical obstruction 
B) Extrinsic mechanical obstruction 
C) Tumor 
D) Neural or muscular disorders

Question 7

Antiemetic agents, such as domperidone and metoclopramide, are antagonists for which receptors?

Accepted Answer

A) 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) serotonin 
B) Histamine-2 
C) Acetylcholine 
D) Dopamine 
A) 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) serotonin 
B) Histamine-2 
C) Acetylcholine 
D) Dopamine

Question 8

A patient in the clinic reports projectile vomiting without nausea or other gastrointestinal symptoms. What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

A) Provide antiemetic medications. 
B) Arrange a brain scan. 
C) Administer intravenous hydration. 
D) Schedule a GI consultation. 
A) Provide antiemetic medications. 
B) Arrange a brain scan. 
C) Administer intravenous hydration. 
D) Schedule a GI consultation.

Question 9

The mutation of which gene is an early event associated with the pathogenetic origin of esophageal cancer?

Accepted Answer

A) KRAS 
B) TP53 
C) myc 
D) HER2 
A) KRAS 
B) TP53 
C) myc 
D) HER2

Question 10

Which are the early (prodromal) clinical manifestations of hepatitis? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Fatigue 
B) Vomiting 
C) Jaundice 
D) Itching 
E) Hyperalgia 
A) Fatigue 
B) Vomiting 
C) Jaundice 
D) Itching 
E) Hyperalgia

Question 11

Where in the brain is the vomiting center located?

Accepted Answer

A) Hypothalamus 
B) Medulla oblongata 
C) Pons 
D) Midbrain 
A) Hypothalamus 
B) Medulla oblongata 
C) Pons 
D) Midbrain

Question 12

A patient has been admitted to the hospital with a possible bowel obstruction. Which assessment finding would alert the healthcare professional that the obstruction is in the small vs. large intestine?

Accepted Answer

A) Profuse vomiting of clear gastric fluids 
B) Vague dull hypogastric pain without vomiting 
C) Colicky pain caused by distention, followed by vomiting 
D) Excruciating pain, vomiting, and fever 
A) Profuse vomiting of clear gastric fluids 
B) Vague dull hypogastric pain without vomiting 
C) Colicky pain caused by distention, followed by vomiting 
D) Excruciating pain, vomiting, and fever

Question 13

The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is what type of bleeding?

Accepted Answer

A) Rectal 
B) Duodenal 
C) Esophageal 
D) Intestinal 
A) Rectal 
B) Duodenal 
C) Esophageal 
D) Intestinal

Question 14

A patient reports dumping syndrome after a partial gastrectomy. What does the healthcare professional teach this patient?

Accepted Answer

A) Eat small, frequent high-protein meals. 
B) This will need surgical correction. 
C) Take antacids 30 min before meals. 
D) Drink plenty of water with your meals. 
A) Eat small, frequent high-protein meals. 
B) This will need surgical correction. 
C) Take antacids 30 min before meals. 
D) Drink plenty of water with your meals.

Question 15

A patient has been diagnosed with reflux esophagitis (GERD). What instruction by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

A) Exercise soon after eating to increase gastric emptying. 
B) Try these proton-pump inhibitors for 2 weeks. 
C) You need to schedule an upper GI endoscopy soon. 
D) Over-the-counter antiemetics work well for this condition. 
A) Exercise soon after eating to increase gastric emptying. 
B) Try these proton-pump inhibitors for 2 weeks. 
C) You need to schedule an upper GI endoscopy soon. 
D) Over-the-counter antiemetics work well for this condition.

Question 16

A student asks the healthcare professional to explain the pathophysiologic process of alcoholic cirrhosis. What statement by the professional would not be consistent with complete knowledge about this process?

Accepted Answer

A) Inflammation and damage leading to cirrhosis begin in the bile canaliculi. 
B) Alcohol is transformed to acetaldehyde, which promotes liver fibrosis. 
C) Mitochondrial function is impaired, decreasing oxidation of fatty acids. 
D) Acetaldehyde inhibits export of proteins from the liver. 
A) Inflammation and damage leading to cirrhosis begin in the bile canaliculi. 
B) Alcohol is transformed to acetaldehyde, which promotes liver fibrosis. 
C) Mitochondrial function is impaired, decreasing oxidation of fatty acids. 
D) Acetaldehyde inhibits export of proteins from the liver.

Question 17

A patient has frank bleeding of the rectum. How does the healthcare professional document this finding?

Accepted Answer

A) Melena 
B) Hematochezia 
C) Occult bleeding 
D) Hematemesis 
A) Melena 
B) Hematochezia 
C) Occult bleeding 
D) Hematemesis

Question 18

The adult intestine processes approximately how many liters of luminal content per day?

Accepted Answer

A) 3 
B) 6 
C) 9 
D) 12 
A) 3 
B) 6 
C) 9 
D) 12

Question 19

A professor has taught the students about the pathogenesis of abdominal pain. Which statement by a student indicates the professor needs to review the material?

Accepted Answer

A) Chemical mediators, such as histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin, produce abdominal pain. 
B) Edema and vascular congestion produce abdominal pain by stretching. 
C) Ischemia, caused by distention of bowel obstruction or mesenteric vessel thrombosis, produces abdominal pain. 
D) Low concentrations of anaerobes, such as Streptococci, Lactobacilli, Staphylococci, Enterobacteria, and Bacteroides, produce abdominal pain. 
A) Chemical mediators, such as histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin, produce abdominal pain. 
B) Edema and vascular congestion produce abdominal pain by stretching. 
C) Ischemia, caused by distention of bowel obstruction or mesenteric vessel thrombosis, produces abdominal pain. 
D) Low concentrations of anaerobes, such as Streptococci, Lactobacilli, Staphylococci, Enterobacteria, and Bacteroides, produce abdominal pain.

Question 20

A peptic ulcer may occur in all of these areas except which?

Accepted Answer

A) Stomach 
B) Duodenum 
C) Jejunum 
D) Esophagus 
A) Stomach 
B) Duodenum 
C) Jejunum 
D) Esophagus

Exam 42: Alterations of Digestive Function

By what mechanism does intussusception cause an intestinal obstruction?

Which clinical manifestations are consistent with cancer of the cecum and ascending colon? (Select all that apply.)

A professor has taught the students about the sources of increased ammonia in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. What statement by a student indicates the professor should review this material?

A patient has portal hypertension-induced splenomegaly. Which lab value would the healthcare professional associate with this condition?

Which information about chronic gastritis does the student learn? (Select all that apply.)

What is the cause of functional dysphagia?

Antiemetic agents, such as domperidone and metoclopramide, are antagonists for which receptors?

A patient in the clinic reports projectile vomiting without nausea or other gastrointestinal symptoms. What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?

The mutation of which gene is an early event associated with the pathogenetic origin of esophageal cancer?

Which are the early (prodromal) clinical manifestations of hepatitis? (Select all that apply.)

Where in the brain is the vomiting center located?

A patient has been admitted to the hospital with a possible bowel obstruction. Which assessment finding would alert the healthcare professional that the obstruction is in the small vs. large intestine?

The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is what type of bleeding?

A patient reports dumping syndrome after a partial gastrectomy. What does the healthcare professional teach this patient?

A patient has been diagnosed with reflux esophagitis (GERD). What instruction by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?

A student asks the healthcare professional to explain the pathophysiologic process of alcoholic cirrhosis. What statement by the professional would not be consistent with complete knowledge about this process?

A patient has frank bleeding of the rectum. How does the healthcare professional document this finding?

The adult intestine processes approximately how many liters of luminal content per day?

A professor has taught the students about the pathogenesis of abdominal pain. Which statement by a student indicates the professor needs to review the material?

A peptic ulcer may occur in all of these areas except which?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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