Question 1

Behaviorism began, in part, as a protest against the views of

Accepted Answer

A)  Watson. 
B)  Pavlov. 
C)  the structuralists. 
D)  the ethologists. 
A)  Watson. 
B)  Pavlov. 
C)  the structuralists. 
D)  the ethologists.

Question 2

In operant conditioning, shaping means

Accepted Answer

A)  molding the animal into position so it can or must make the response. 
B)  providing punishments for all responses other than the desired one. 
C)  recording the brain waves that occur during and after a learned response. 
D)  reinforcing successive approximations to the desired response. 
A)  molding the animal into position so it can or must make the response. 
B)  providing punishments for all responses other than the desired one. 
C)  recording the brain waves that occur during and after a learned response. 
D)  reinforcing successive approximations to the desired response.

Question 3

How does an investigator produce extinction in classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Punish all responses. 
B)  Present the CS without the UCS. 
C)  Present the UCS without the UCR. 
D)  Present the UCS without the CS. 
A)  Punish all responses. 
B)  Present the CS without the UCS. 
C)  Present the UCS without the UCR. 
D)  Present the UCS without the CS.

Question 4

According to social-learning theory

Accepted Answer

A)  we learn because of unconditioned reinforcement. 
B)  we usually learn because we are classically conditioned by society. 
C)  much human learning occurs because of imitation. 
D)  operant conditioning is irrelevant for human learning. 
A)  we learn because of unconditioned reinforcement. 
B)  we usually learn because we are classically conditioned by society. 
C)  much human learning occurs because of imitation. 
D)  operant conditioning is irrelevant for human learning.

Question 5

Which kind of learning occurs reliably even though the elements to be associated are separated by an hour or more?

Accepted Answer

A)  response followed by shock 
B)  response followed by food 
C)  auditory stimulus followed by food 
D)  eating a new food followed by illness 
A)  response followed by shock 
B)  response followed by food 
C)  auditory stimulus followed by food 
D)  eating a new food followed by illness

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of behaviorism?

Accepted Answer

A)  interest in animal learning in laboratory conditions 
B)  belief that all behavior has causes 
C)  search for an understanding of stimulus-response relationships 
D)  interest in the difference between conscious and unconscious thought 
A)  interest in animal learning in laboratory conditions 
B)  belief that all behavior has causes 
C)  search for an understanding of stimulus-response relationships 
D)  interest in the difference between conscious and unconscious thought

Question 7

What is the procedure for producing stimulus generalization of a conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

A)  Extinguish the response and then allow time to pass without further testing. 
B)  Reinforce the subject for making a response to one stimulus but not to a different stimulus. 
C)  Train the subject to respond to one stimulus and then present a similar but not identical stimulus. 
D)  Offer the subject an opportunity to make a response that has never previously been reinforced. 
A)  Extinguish the response and then allow time to pass without further testing. 
B)  Reinforce the subject for making a response to one stimulus but not to a different stimulus. 
C)  Train the subject to respond to one stimulus and then present a similar but not identical stimulus. 
D)  Offer the subject an opportunity to make a response that has never previously been reinforced.

Question 8

Something that cannot be directly observed, but which links various procedures to various responses is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  intervening variable. 
B)  hypothesis. 
C)  theory. 
D)  interacting variable. 
A)  intervening variable. 
B)  hypothesis. 
C)  theory. 
D)  interacting variable.

Question 9

In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment, the tone is the __________ and the puff of air is the __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus...unconditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned stimulus...conditioned response 
C)  unconditioned stimulus...unconditioned response 
D)  conditioned response...unconditioned response 
A)  conditioned stimulus...unconditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned stimulus...conditioned response 
C)  unconditioned stimulus...unconditioned response 
D)  conditioned response...unconditioned response

Question 10

Pavlov believed that presenting the CS at nearly the same time as the UCS caused

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulation of the reward centers in the brain. 
B)  distraction leading to extinction of the CR. 
C)  the growth of a connection between the CS center and the UCS center in the brain. 
D)  backward conditioning, later known as operant conditioning. 
A)  stimulation of the reward centers in the brain. 
B)  distraction leading to extinction of the CR. 
C)  the growth of a connection between the CS center and the UCS center in the brain. 
D)  backward conditioning, later known as operant conditioning.

Question 11

The probability of a given response is decreased by

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  punishment. 
D)  either negative reinforcement or punishment. 
A)  positive reinforcement. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  punishment. 
D)  either negative reinforcement or punishment.

Question 12

A dog is conditioned to salivate when it hears a tone of one pitch and not to salivate to a second pitch. This effect is called

Accepted Answer

A)  discrimination. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  stimulus generalization. 
D)  extinction. 
A)  discrimination. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  stimulus generalization. 
D)  extinction.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT an important part of the social learning approach?

Accepted Answer

A)  imitation 
B)  trial and error 
C)  vicarious reinforcement 
D)  self-reinforcement 
A)  imitation 
B)  trial and error 
C)  vicarious reinforcement 
D)  self-reinforcement

Question 14

In operant conditioning, UNLIKE classical conditioning,

Accepted Answer

A)  every response leads to a combination of both reinforcement and punishment. 
B)  individuals learn without actually doing anything. 
C)  the individual's response controls the outcome (reinforcement or punishment). 
D)  the stimuli will be presented at certain times regardless of the individual's actions. 
A)  every response leads to a combination of both reinforcement and punishment. 
B)  individuals learn without actually doing anything. 
C)  the individual's response controls the outcome (reinforcement or punishment). 
D)  the stimuli will be presented at certain times regardless of the individual's actions.

Question 15

Skinner trained a rat to raise a flag and salute during the playing of the "Star-Spangled Banner." The training involved a combination of __________ and __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement...negative reinforcement 
B)  positive reinforcement...punishment 
C)  shaping...chaining 
D)  operant conditioning...classical conditioning 
A)  positive reinforcement...negative reinforcement 
B)  positive reinforcement...punishment 
C)  shaping...chaining 
D)  operant conditioning...classical conditioning

Question 16

What procedure would you use to train your dog to go to the bedroom, pick up your slippers, carry them to your favorite chair, go to the door, get the newspaper, and bring it to you?

Accepted Answer

A)  imitation 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  vicarious reinforcement 
D)  modeling 
A)  imitation 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  vicarious reinforcement 
D)  modeling

Question 17

Which of the following would be an example of omission training?

Accepted Answer

A)  You drink less beer than you once did, because you feel sick after drinking more than one glass. 
B)  Because you drive recklessly, you temporarily lose the privilege of driving the family car. 
C)  Your employer gives you bonus pay for working overtime. 
D)  You turn off a dripping faucet, ending the "drip-drip-drip" sound. 
A)  You drink less beer than you once did, because you feel sick after drinking more than one glass. 
B)  Because you drive recklessly, you temporarily lose the privilege of driving the family car. 
C)  Your employer gives you bonus pay for working overtime. 
D)  You turn off a dripping faucet, ending the "drip-drip-drip" sound.

Question 18

Responses that are followed by satisfaction to the animal will be more firmly connected with the situation so that they will be more likely to recur in the future. This is a brief statement of the

Accepted Answer

A)  law of effect. 
B)  principle of temporal contiguity. 
C)  Premack principle. 
D)  vicarious reinforcement principle. 
A)  law of effect. 
B)  principle of temporal contiguity. 
C)  Premack principle. 
D)  vicarious reinforcement principle.

Question 19

In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this experiment?

Accepted Answer

A)  blinking the eyes 
B)  the puff of air 
C)  the tone 
D)  the eyelids 
A)  blinking the eyes 
B)  the puff of air 
C)  the tone 
D)  the eyelids

Question 20

A behaviorist would state that your thoughts and feelings do not cause your behavior because

Accepted Answer

A)  there is no evidence that we have thoughts and feelings. 
B)  these thoughts and feelings are caused by events in the past and present environment. 
C)  the body behaves, and the body cannot think. 
D)  thoughts and feelings are not related to any physical events. 
A)  there is no evidence that we have thoughts and feelings. 
B)  these thoughts and feelings are caused by events in the past and present environment. 
C)  the body behaves, and the body cannot think. 
D)  thoughts and feelings are not related to any physical events.

Exam 6: Learning

Behaviorism began, in part, as a protest against the views of

In operant conditioning, shaping means

How does an investigator produce extinction in classical conditioning?

According to social-learning theory

Which kind of learning occurs reliably even though the elements to be associated are separated by an hour or more?

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of behaviorism?

What is the procedure for producing stimulus generalization of a conditioned response?

Something that cannot be directly observed, but which links various procedures to various responses is called a(n)

In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment, the tone is the __________ and the puff of air is the __________.

Pavlov believed that presenting the CS at nearly the same time as the UCS caused

The probability of a given response is decreased by

A dog is conditioned to salivate when it hears a tone of one pitch and not to salivate to a second pitch. This effect is called

Which of the following is NOT an important part of the social learning approach?

In operant conditioning, UNLIKE classical conditioning,

Skinner trained a rat to raise a flag and salute during the playing of the "Star-Spangled Banner." The training involved a combination of __________ and __________.

What procedure would you use to train your dog to go to the bedroom, pick up your slippers, carry them to your favorite chair, go to the door, get the newspaper, and bring it to you?

Which of the following would be an example of omission training?

Responses that are followed by satisfaction to the animal will be more firmly connected with the situation so that they will be more likely to recur in the future. This is a brief statement of the

In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this experiment?

A behaviorist would state that your thoughts and feelings do not cause your behavior because

What Is Psychology

A --What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A--Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A--Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A--Sensation and Perception

Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Learning

Memory

A--Memory

Cognition and Language

A--Cognition and Language

Intelligence

A--Intelligence

Consciousness

A--Consciousness

Motivated Behaviors

A--Motivated Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

Social Psychology

A--Social Psychology

Personality

A--Personality

Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

Specific Disorders and Treatments

A--Specific Disorders and Treatments

Exam Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination

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In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment, the tone is the and the puff of air is the .

Skinner trained a rat to raise a flag and salute during the playing of the "Star-Spangled Banner." The training involved a combination of and .