Question 1

As a rule, behaviorists are LEAST interested in which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  animal learning 
B)  simple explanations 
C)  the distinction between conscious and unconscious thought 
D)  classical conditioning 
A)  animal learning 
B)  simple explanations 
C)  the distinction between conscious and unconscious thought 
D)  classical conditioning

Question 2

A dog wags its tail whenever it sees its master. If this is a learned response, what would the dog have to do in order to demonstrate stimulus generalization?

Accepted Answer

A)  continue wagging its tail for some time after its master has left 
B)  wag its tail more vigorously than usual if it has not seen its master for a long time 
C)  bark or growl when it sees someone other than its master 
D)  wag its tail when it sees someone who looks similar to its master 
A)  continue wagging its tail for some time after its master has left 
B)  wag its tail more vigorously than usual if it has not seen its master for a long time 
C)  bark or growl when it sees someone other than its master 
D)  wag its tail when it sees someone who looks similar to its master

Question 3

An experimenter who wants to train a rat to pull a string to raise a flag begins by training it to stand up. This procedure is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization. 
B)  secondary reinforcement. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  backward conditioning. 
A)  stimulus generalization. 
B)  secondary reinforcement. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  backward conditioning.

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  food 
B)  money 
C)  electric shock 
D)  the "silent treatment" 
A)  food 
B)  money 
C)  electric shock 
D)  the "silent treatment"

Question 5

Pavlov paired a sound with food and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the conditioned response was the?

Accepted Answer

A)  food. 
B)  salivation to the sound. 
C)  salivation to food. 
D)  sound. 
A)  food. 
B)  salivation to the sound. 
C)  salivation to food. 
D)  sound.

Question 6

Research on conditioned taste aversions suggests that animals are predisposed to associate tastes with

Accepted Answer

A)  shock. 
B)  social stimuli. 
C)  illness. 
D)  sounds. 
A)  shock. 
B)  social stimuli. 
C)  illness. 
D)  sounds.

Question 7

Another name for negative punishment is

Accepted Answer

A)  escape learning. 
B)  omission training. 
C)  positive reinforcement. 
D)  extinction. 
A)  escape learning. 
B)  omission training. 
C)  positive reinforcement. 
D)  extinction.

Question 8

Unlike the structuralists, behaviorists believed that psychology must study __________ in order to be scientific.

Accepted Answer

A)  thought processes only 
B)  thought processes and observable behavior 
C)  observable behavior only 
D)  the structure and the processes of thinking 
A)  thought processes only 
B)  thought processes and observable behavior 
C)  observable behavior only 
D)  the structure and the processes of thinking

Question 9

In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment blinking is

Accepted Answer

A)  the unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  both the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. 
C)  the unconditioned response. 
D)  both the conditioned response and the unconditioned response. 
A)  the unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  both the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. 
C)  the unconditioned response. 
D)  both the conditioned response and the unconditioned response.

Question 10

When an individual develops tolerance to the effects of a drug injection, what is the conditioned response?

Accepted Answer

A)  the injection procedure 
B)  the entry of the drug into the brain 
C)  the body's defenses against the drug 
D)  the increased effect of the drug 
A)  the injection procedure 
B)  the entry of the drug into the brain 
C)  the body's defenses against the drug 
D)  the increased effect of the drug

Question 11

The process that establishes or strengthens a conditioned response is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  the conditional response. 
B)  salivation. 
C)  acquisition. 
D)  classical stimulation. 
A)  the conditional response. 
B)  salivation. 
C)  acquisition. 
D)  classical stimulation.

Question 12

According to Pavlov, classical conditioning occurs if

Accepted Answer

A)  the animal receives reward or punishment. 
B)  the animal understands the relationship between the CS and UCS. 
C)  the CS and UCS are presented close together in time. 
D)  the CS is physically more intense than the UCS. 
A)  the animal receives reward or punishment. 
B)  the animal understands the relationship between the CS and UCS. 
C)  the CS and UCS are presented close together in time. 
D)  the CS is physically more intense than the UCS.

Question 13

If someone achieves fame and fortune for a new style of singing, other people will copy that style even though they have never been reinforced for it themselves. Which of the following attempts to account for this observation?

Accepted Answer

A)  the law of effect 
B)  social-learning approach 
C)  the Premack principle 
D)  the principle of temporal contiguity 
A)  the law of effect 
B)  social-learning approach 
C)  the Premack principle 
D)  the principle of temporal contiguity

Question 14

Why does vicarious punishment seem to produce less of an effect than vicarious reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  We are less likely to identify with someone who is getting punished. 
B)  We are more likely to identify with someone who is getting punished. 
C)  Punished behaviors are covert while reinforced behaviors are overt. 
D)  People are so careful to avoid danger that seeing someone else get punished makes no additional change (i.e. they are already as careful as possible). 
A)  We are less likely to identify with someone who is getting punished. 
B)  We are more likely to identify with someone who is getting punished. 
C)  Punished behaviors are covert while reinforced behaviors are overt. 
D)  People are so careful to avoid danger that seeing someone else get punished makes no additional change (i.e. they are already as careful as possible).

Question 15

In classical conditioning, the opposite of acquisition is

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction. 
B)  generalization. 
C)  discrimination. 
D)  spontaneous recovery. 
A)  extinction. 
B)  generalization. 
C)  discrimination. 
D)  spontaneous recovery.

Question 16

What is a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  an event that increases the probability of classically conditioned responses, but not operant responses 
B)  an event that is reinforcing at some times and not at other times 
C)  an event that has become reinforcing as a result of previous experience 
D)  an event that strengthens a response only after the response has already been learned 
A)  an event that increases the probability of classically conditioned responses, but not operant responses 
B)  an event that is reinforcing at some times and not at other times 
C)  an event that has become reinforcing as a result of previous experience 
D)  an event that strengthens a response only after the response has already been learned

Question 17

On the first trial of an experiment on classical conditioning, the CS elicits __________ and the UCS elicits __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  no response...no response 
B)  the CR...no response 
C)  the CR...the UCR 
D)  no response...the UCR 
A)  no response...no response 
B)  the CR...no response 
C)  the CR...the UCR 
D)  no response...the UCR

Question 18

Suppose you decide to reward yourself by going out for a snack every time you finish reading a chapter in your text. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval 
A)  fixed ratio 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval

Question 19

Pavlov believed that presenting the CS at nearly the same time as the UCS caused a connection in the brain to form so that the animal treated the CS as if it were the UCS. Psychologists today believe that the animal

Accepted Answer

A)  treats the CS as the UCS, but the brain is not involved. 
B)  treats the CS as if it were the UCR. 
C)  uses the CS as a positive reinforcer. 
D)  uses the CS as a predictor that the UCS is coming. 
A)  treats the CS as the UCS, but the brain is not involved. 
B)  treats the CS as if it were the UCR. 
C)  uses the CS as a positive reinforcer. 
D)  uses the CS as a predictor that the UCS is coming.

Question 20

A study examining playground behavior of children found that by offering simple reinforcements for safe behavior, the frequency of dangerous behaviors could be decreased. These results are consistent with

Accepted Answer

A)  behavior modification. 
B)  free will of the children. 
C)  self-reinforcement. 
D)  classical conditioning. 
A)  behavior modification. 
B)  free will of the children. 
C)  self-reinforcement. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Exam 6: Learning

As a rule, behaviorists are LEAST interested in which of the following?

A dog wags its tail whenever it sees its master. If this is a learned response, what would the dog have to do in order to demonstrate stimulus generalization?

An experimenter who wants to train a rat to pull a string to raise a flag begins by training it to stand up. This procedure is known as

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Pavlov paired a sound with food and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the conditioned response was the?

Research on conditioned taste aversions suggests that animals are predisposed to associate tastes with

Another name for negative punishment is

Unlike the structuralists, behaviorists believed that psychology must study __________ in order to be scientific.

In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment blinking is

When an individual develops tolerance to the effects of a drug injection, what is the conditioned response?

The process that establishes or strengthens a conditioned response is known as

According to Pavlov, classical conditioning occurs if

If someone achieves fame and fortune for a new style of singing, other people will copy that style even though they have never been reinforced for it themselves. Which of the following attempts to account for this observation?

Why does vicarious punishment seem to produce less of an effect than vicarious reinforcement?

In classical conditioning, the opposite of acquisition is

What is a secondary reinforcer?

On the first trial of an experiment on classical conditioning, the CS elicits __________ and the UCS elicits __________.

Suppose you decide to reward yourself by going out for a snack every time you finish reading a chapter in your text. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

Pavlov believed that presenting the CS at nearly the same time as the UCS caused a connection in the brain to form so that the animal treated the CS as if it were the UCS. Psychologists today believe that the animal

A study examining playground behavior of children found that by offering simple reinforcements for safe behavior, the frequency of dangerous behaviors could be decreased. These results are consistent with

What Is Psychology

A --What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A--Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A--Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A--Sensation and Perception

Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Learning

Memory

A--Memory

Cognition and Language

A--Cognition and Language

Intelligence

A--Intelligence

Consciousness

A--Consciousness

Motivated Behaviors

A--Motivated Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

Social Psychology

A--Social Psychology

Personality

A--Personality

Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

Specific Disorders and Treatments

A--Specific Disorders and Treatments

Exam Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination

Filters

On the first trial of an experiment on classical conditioning, the CS elicits and the UCS elicits .