Question 1

To train an animal to make some response, a psychologist decides to use the procedure known as shaping. This means that the psychologist will

Accepted Answer

A)  force the animal into the necessary position to make the response. 
B)  deprive the animal of food and water until it makes the response. 
C)  display the correct response and let the animal imitate. 
D)  start by reinforcing the animal for a simpler response. 
A)  force the animal into the necessary position to make the response. 
B)  deprive the animal of food and water until it makes the response. 
C)  display the correct response and let the animal imitate. 
D)  start by reinforcing the animal for a simpler response.

Question 2

I have learned to open my umbrella in order to stop the rain from soaking me. What type of contingency led to this learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  negative punishment 
C)  punishment 
D)  negative reinforcement 
A)  positive reinforcement 
B)  negative punishment 
C)  punishment 
D)  negative reinforcement

Question 3

Rats drink saccharin-flavored water while also seeing bright lights and hearing loud noises. Shortly afterward, they are exposed to X rays that make them nauseated. As a result of this experience, what do they avoid?

Accepted Answer

A)  saccharin-flavored water 
B)  lights and noises 
C)  saccharin-flavored water and lights and noises equally 
D)  nothing 
A)  saccharin-flavored water 
B)  lights and noises 
C)  saccharin-flavored water and lights and noises equally 
D)  nothing

Question 4

What procedure does an investigator use to produce classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Pair the CS with the CR. 
B)  Pair the UCS with the UCR. 
C)  Pair the CS with the UCS. 
D)  Present reinforcement after a response. 
A)  Pair the CS with the CR. 
B)  Pair the UCS with the UCR. 
C)  Pair the CS with the UCS. 
D)  Present reinforcement after a response.

Question 5

What is the procedure for producing extinction in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Present the unconditioned stimulus without the conditioned stimulus. 
B)  Present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. 
C)  Give no reinforcement after the response. 
D)  Punish undesirable responses. 
A)  Present the unconditioned stimulus without the conditioned stimulus. 
B)  Present the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. 
C)  Give no reinforcement after the response. 
D)  Punish undesirable responses.

Question 6

Under a continuous schedule of reinforcement the animal is reinforced

Accepted Answer

A)  after a fixed number of responses. 
B)  after a fixed amount of time. 
C)  after a variable number of responses. 
D)  after every response. 
A)  after a fixed number of responses. 
B)  after a fixed amount of time. 
C)  after a variable number of responses. 
D)  after every response.

Question 7

What happens during vicarious reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Someone experiences an event that was previously associated with an unconditioned reinforcer. 
B)  Someone experiences an event that has both reinforcing and punishing properties. 
C)  Someone watches someone else do something and receive reinforcement. 
D)  Someone receives a reinforcement but fails to pay attention to it. 
A)  Someone experiences an event that was previously associated with an unconditioned reinforcer. 
B)  Someone experiences an event that has both reinforcing and punishing properties. 
C)  Someone watches someone else do something and receive reinforcement. 
D)  Someone receives a reinforcement but fails to pay attention to it.

Question 8

The main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that in operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

A)  every response is reinforced, not just some of them. 
B)  much simpler responses are required. 
C)  the animal's behavior controls the outcomes (including reinforcers). 
D)  the animal is given punishments instead of rewards. 
A)  every response is reinforced, not just some of them. 
B)  much simpler responses are required. 
C)  the animal's behavior controls the outcomes (including reinforcers). 
D)  the animal is given punishments instead of rewards.

Question 9

Young birds learn the specific song of their species most readily

Accepted Answer

A)  if the song is played on a tape recorder to ensure that it is exactly the same each time. 
B)  during the sensitive period. 
C)  if each presentation is followed by a reinforcer such as a worm. 
D)  if a mild shock is delivered each time the bird does not mimic the sound of an adult. 
A)  if the song is played on a tape recorder to ensure that it is exactly the same each time. 
B)  during the sensitive period. 
C)  if each presentation is followed by a reinforcer such as a worm. 
D)  if a mild shock is delivered each time the bird does not mimic the sound of an adult.

Question 10

The study of learning in laboratory animals is most closely associated with which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  structuralists 
B)  psychoanalysts 
C)  humanistic psychologists 
D)  behaviorists 
A)  structuralists 
B)  psychoanalysts 
C)  humanistic psychologists 
D)  behaviorists

Question 11

To determine whether a particular example of learning is classical conditioning or operant conditioning, which question should one ask?

Accepted Answer

A)  Does the individual's behavior control the delivery of reinforcement? 
B)  Does the individual move the whole body or just a single muscle? 
C)  Is the reinforcement pleasant or unpleasant? 
D)  Does the learning occur quickly or does it require many repetitions? 
A)  Does the individual's behavior control the delivery of reinforcement? 
B)  Does the individual move the whole body or just a single muscle? 
C)  Is the reinforcement pleasant or unpleasant? 
D)  Does the learning occur quickly or does it require many repetitions?

Question 12

Which of the following advertisements is making use of vicarious reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  an ad for the lottery, showing happy (and now rich) winners 
B)  an ad for toothpaste, showing kids with cavities who didn't brush their teeth 
C)  an ad for a computer, listing and explaining the features available 
D)  an ad for a gas-guzzling car that doesn't mention the poor gas mileage 
A)  an ad for the lottery, showing happy (and now rich) winners 
B)  an ad for toothpaste, showing kids with cavities who didn't brush their teeth 
C)  an ad for a computer, listing and explaining the features available 
D)  an ad for a gas-guzzling car that doesn't mention the poor gas mileage

Question 13

A dog has been trained to salivate whenever it sees a large white square. Now it is shown a large gray square and it salivates, though not quite as much as when it sees the white square. The dog is displaying

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisition. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  stimulus generalization. 
D)  conditioned taste aversion. 
A)  acquisition. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  stimulus generalization. 
D)  conditioned taste aversion.

Question 14

Which kind of behaviorist would accept references to mental experiences, as long as they are cautiously inferred from observable behaviors?

Accepted Answer

A)  A radical behaviorist, but not a methodological behaviorist. 
B)  A methodological behaviorist, but not a radical behaviorist. 
C)  Both methodological and radical behaviorists. 
D)  No self-respecting behaviorist (radical, methodological, or otherwise) would ever accept references to mental experiences. 
A)  A radical behaviorist, but not a methodological behaviorist. 
B)  A methodological behaviorist, but not a radical behaviorist. 
C)  Both methodological and radical behaviorists. 
D)  No self-respecting behaviorist (radical, methodological, or otherwise) would ever accept references to mental experiences.

Question 15

In Pavlov's experiments he paired the presentation of food with a buzzer and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the buzzer was the

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  conditioned stimulus. 
D)  conditioned response. 
A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  conditioned stimulus. 
D)  conditioned response.

Question 16

Which of the following would be an example of punishment (passive avoidance)?

Accepted Answer

A)  You drink less beer than you once did, because you feel sick after drinking more than one glass. 
B)  Because you drive recklessly, you temporarily lose the privilege of driving the family car. 
C)  Your swimming coach says you cannot go to the next swim meet (which you were looking forward to) because you broke a training rule. 
D)  You turn off a dripping faucet, ending the "drip-drip-drip" sound. 
A)  You drink less beer than you once did, because you feel sick after drinking more than one glass. 
B)  Because you drive recklessly, you temporarily lose the privilege of driving the family car. 
C)  Your swimming coach says you cannot go to the next swim meet (which you were looking forward to) because you broke a training rule. 
D)  You turn off a dripping faucet, ending the "drip-drip-drip" sound.

Question 17

Pavlov believed that classical conditioning occurs if and only if the CS and the US are

Accepted Answer

A)  physically similar. 
B)  both followed by positive reinforcement. 
C)  equally intense (for example, equally loud). 
D)  presented at nearly the same time. 
A)  physically similar. 
B)  both followed by positive reinforcement. 
C)  equally intense (for example, equally loud). 
D)  presented at nearly the same time.

Question 18

On the first floor of your dormitory are two vending machines. The one on the left always works; the one on the right is usually broken. You therefore put your money only in the machine on the left. This illustrates which aspect of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization 
B)  discrimination 
C)  belongingness 
D)  shaping 
A)  stimulus generalization 
B)  discrimination 
C)  belongingness 
D)  shaping

Question 19

An event that decreases the probability of a response is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  generalization. 
D)  disequilibrium. 
A)  punishment. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  generalization. 
D)  disequilibrium.

Question 20

Research has demonstrated that tolerance of injected drugs is sometimes due to

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  a breakdown in the body's antidrug defenses. 
A)  extinction. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  a breakdown in the body's antidrug defenses.

Exam 6: Learning

To train an animal to make some response, a psychologist decides to use the procedure known as shaping. This means that the psychologist will

I have learned to open my umbrella in order to stop the rain from soaking me. What type of contingency led to this learning?

Rats drink saccharin-flavored water while also seeing bright lights and hearing loud noises. Shortly afterward, they are exposed to X rays that make them nauseated. As a result of this experience, what do they avoid?

What procedure does an investigator use to produce classical conditioning?

What is the procedure for producing extinction in operant conditioning?

Under a continuous schedule of reinforcement the animal is reinforced

What happens during vicarious reinforcement?

The main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that in operant conditioning

Young birds learn the specific song of their species most readily

The study of learning in laboratory animals is most closely associated with which of the following?

To determine whether a particular example of learning is classical conditioning or operant conditioning, which question should one ask?

Which of the following advertisements is making use of vicarious reinforcement?

A dog has been trained to salivate whenever it sees a large white square. Now it is shown a large gray square and it salivates, though not quite as much as when it sees the white square. The dog is displaying

Which kind of behaviorist would accept references to mental experiences, as long as they are cautiously inferred from observable behaviors?

In Pavlov's experiments he paired the presentation of food with a buzzer and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the buzzer was the

Which of the following would be an example of punishment (passive avoidance)?

Pavlov believed that classical conditioning occurs if and only if the CS and the US are

On the first floor of your dormitory are two vending machines. The one on the left always works; the one on the right is usually broken. You therefore put your money only in the machine on the left. This illustrates which aspect of operant conditioning?

An event that decreases the probability of a response is known as

Research has demonstrated that tolerance of injected drugs is sometimes due to

What Is Psychology

A --What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A--Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A--Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A--Sensation and Perception

Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Learning

Memory

A--Memory

Cognition and Language

A--Cognition and Language

Intelligence

A--Intelligence

Consciousness

A--Consciousness

Motivated Behaviors

A--Motivated Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

Social Psychology

A--Social Psychology

Personality

A--Personality

Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

Specific Disorders and Treatments

A--Specific Disorders and Treatments

Exam Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination

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