Question 1

What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other?

Accepted Answer

A)  They both depend on the presentation of a desirable stimulus. 
B)  They both depend on the presentation of an undesirable stimulus. 
C)  They both weaken a behavior. 
D)  They both strengthen a behavior. 
A)  They both depend on the presentation of a desirable stimulus. 
B)  They both depend on the presentation of an undesirable stimulus. 
C)  They both weaken a behavior. 
D)  They both strengthen a behavior.

Question 2

In Pavlov's experiments he paired the presentation of food with a buzzer and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the salivation was

Accepted Answer

A)  the unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  the conditioned stimulus. 
C)  the conditioned response, but not unconditioned response. 
D)  both the conditioned and the unconditioned response. 
A)  the unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  the conditioned stimulus. 
C)  the conditioned response, but not unconditioned response. 
D)  both the conditioned and the unconditioned response.

Question 3

In a classical conditioning experiment, an animal associates a light (CS) with a shock (UCS). Then it receives the light and a tone (another CS) at the same time, followed by the UCS. It will display a strong conditioned response to

Accepted Answer

A)  the light only. 
B)  the tone only. 
C)  both the light and the tone. 
D)  neither the light nor the tone. 
A)  the light only. 
B)  the tone only. 
C)  both the light and the tone. 
D)  neither the light nor the tone.

Question 4

If you learn to turn off a dripping faucet to end the "drip, drip, drip" sound, your behavior was changed through

Accepted Answer

A)  chaining. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  positive reinforcement. 
D)  omission training. 
A)  chaining. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  positive reinforcement. 
D)  omission training.

Question 5

Animals are predisposed to associate tastes with __________ and to associate lights and sounds with __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  shocks...poison 
B)  punishment...reward 
C)  reward...punishment 
D)  poison...shocks 
A)  shocks...poison 
B)  punishment...reward 
C)  reward...punishment 
D)  poison...shocks

Question 6

Which of the following is an intervening variable?

Accepted Answer

A)  food deprivation 
B)  hunger 
C)  increased intake of carbohydrates 
D)  prolonged exercise 
A)  food deprivation 
B)  hunger 
C)  increased intake of carbohydrates 
D)  prolonged exercise

Question 7

At which stage of an experiment on operant conditioning does an experimenter make use of shaping?

Accepted Answer

A)  at the start of training 
B)  after the animal has acquired the response 
C)  at the start of extinction 
D)  after extinction has taken place 
A)  at the start of training 
B)  after the animal has acquired the response 
C)  at the start of extinction 
D)  after extinction has taken place

Question 8

A number of rats drink saccharin-flavored water while hearing loud noises and seeing bright lights. Later, some of the rats are made nauseated and others are given electric shocks. What do the rats learn to avoid?

Accepted Answer

A)  The rats made nauseated avoid the lights and noises, and the rats given shocks avoid the saccharin-flavored water. 
B)  The rats made nauseated avoid the saccharin-flavored water, and the rats given shocks avoid the lights and noises. 
C)  All the rats learn to avoid saccharin-flavored water. 
D)  All the rats learn to avoid the noises and lights. 
A)  The rats made nauseated avoid the lights and noises, and the rats given shocks avoid the saccharin-flavored water. 
B)  The rats made nauseated avoid the saccharin-flavored water, and the rats given shocks avoid the lights and noises. 
C)  All the rats learn to avoid saccharin-flavored water. 
D)  All the rats learn to avoid the noises and lights.

Question 9

In general, behaviorists accept the assumption that

Accepted Answer

A)  the only way to change behavior significantly is by changing the individual's genes. 
B)  we can understand someone's actions only by first understanding his or her goals, beliefs, and ideas. 
C)  human behavior follows different principles from those that control the behavior of laboratory animals. 
D)  all behavior is governed by cause-and-effect relationships. 
A)  the only way to change behavior significantly is by changing the individual's genes. 
B)  we can understand someone's actions only by first understanding his or her goals, beliefs, and ideas. 
C)  human behavior follows different principles from those that control the behavior of laboratory animals. 
D)  all behavior is governed by cause-and-effect relationships.

Question 10

You watch someone win election as President of the United States. You would like to win that honor too, but you make no effort to copy the actions of the person who won the election. If you are like most people, the probable reason why you failed to imitate this person is that

Accepted Answer

A)  you are restrained by the Premack effect. 
B)  you lack a feeling of self-efficacy. 
C)  you are behaving on a fixed-interval schedule. 
D)  your behavior is subject to spontaneous recovery. 
A)  you are restrained by the Premack effect. 
B)  you lack a feeling of self-efficacy. 
C)  you are behaving on a fixed-interval schedule. 
D)  your behavior is subject to spontaneous recovery.

Question 11

The main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning

Accepted Answer

A)  the animal's responses control the reinforcements. 
B)  the animal's responses do not control the reinforcements. 
C)  the animal moves a larger part of its body. 
D)  the animal receives a reward, not a punishment. 
A)  the animal's responses control the reinforcements. 
B)  the animal's responses do not control the reinforcements. 
C)  the animal moves a larger part of its body. 
D)  the animal receives a reward, not a punishment.

Question 12

A group of people has learned to blink their eyes whenever they see a flashing blue light, because for the last hour that flashing blue light has always been followed by a puff of air to their eyes. If we want to test for the possibility of stimulus generalization, what procedure should we follow?

Accepted Answer

A)  Present the flashing blue light without the puff of air. 
B)  Present the puff of air without the flashing blue light. 
C)  Present a flashing green light. 
D)  Produce extinction, then wait and test response to the flashing blue light. 
A)  Present the flashing blue light without the puff of air. 
B)  Present the puff of air without the flashing blue light. 
C)  Present a flashing green light. 
D)  Produce extinction, then wait and test response to the flashing blue light.

Question 13

Some people break bad habits by giving themselves a treat whenever they get through a day without engaging in the habit they want to break. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  self-efficacy. 
B)  vicarious reinforcement. 
C)  self-reinforcement. 
D)  stimulus generalization. 
A)  self-efficacy. 
B)  vicarious reinforcement. 
C)  self-reinforcement. 
D)  stimulus generalization.

Question 14

According to the social learning perspective, how can the government increase the self-efficacy of children from a wide variety of backgrounds to aspire to professional careers?

Accepted Answer

A)  create ad campaigns showing juveniles in detention for breaking laws 
B)  place adults from a wide variety of backgrounds in high-visibility positions of leadership, so that they can serve as role models 
C)  create an educational campaign that explains to kids the benefits of staying in school and working hard 
D)  distribute copies of employment statistics that include projections for job growth for the next 20 years 
A)  create ad campaigns showing juveniles in detention for breaking laws 
B)  place adults from a wide variety of backgrounds in high-visibility positions of leadership, so that they can serve as role models 
C)  create an educational campaign that explains to kids the benefits of staying in school and working hard 
D)  distribute copies of employment statistics that include projections for job growth for the next 20 years

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  food 
B)  money 
C)  a college diploma 
D)  praise 
A)  food 
B)  money 
C)  a college diploma 
D)  praise

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristic assumptions of behaviorists?

Accepted Answer

A)  All behavior is caused or determined in some way. 
B)  The environment molds behavior. 
C)  Researchers can learn general principles by studying laboratory animals. 
D)  Unconscious thoughts and wishes control much of our behavior. 
A)  All behavior is caused or determined in some way. 
B)  The environment molds behavior. 
C)  Researchers can learn general principles by studying laboratory animals. 
D)  Unconscious thoughts and wishes control much of our behavior.

Question 17

The disequilibrium principle states that:

Accepted Answer

A)  any high-frequency behavior can be used to reinforce a low-frequency behavior. 
B)  conditioned reinforcers are more powerful than unconditioned reinforcers. 
C)  rare behaviors can never be used to reinforce more frequent behaviors. 
D)  any behavior that has been performed less often than usual can reinforce behavior. 
A)  any high-frequency behavior can be used to reinforce a low-frequency behavior. 
B)  conditioned reinforcers are more powerful than unconditioned reinforcers. 
C)  rare behaviors can never be used to reinforce more frequent behaviors. 
D)  any behavior that has been performed less often than usual can reinforce behavior.

Question 18

Which of the following would a behaviorist be least likely to study?

Accepted Answer

A)  rats in a maze 
B)  human thought processes 
C)  schedules of reinforcement 
D)  classical conditioning 
A)  rats in a maze 
B)  human thought processes 
C)  schedules of reinforcement 
D)  classical conditioning

Question 19

According to B.F. Skinner, "shaping" refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  gradually increasing the reinforcements for a behavior. 
B)  reinforcing successive approximations to a behavior. 
C)  forcing an animal to do something. 
D)  the strategies the animal uses to resist the procedures by the experimenter. 
A)  gradually increasing the reinforcements for a behavior. 
B)  reinforcing successive approximations to a behavior. 
C)  forcing an animal to do something. 
D)  the strategies the animal uses to resist the procedures by the experimenter.

Question 20

Which response did Pavlov measure in most of his experiments?

Accepted Answer

A)  pecking at a disk 
B)  pressing a lever 
C)  salivation 
D)  eye blinking 
A)  pecking at a disk 
B)  pressing a lever 
C)  salivation 
D)  eye blinking

Exam 6: Learning

What do positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement have in common with each other?

In Pavlov's experiments he paired the presentation of food with a buzzer and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the salivation was

In a classical conditioning experiment, an animal associates a light (CS) with a shock (UCS). Then it receives the light and a tone (another CS) at the same time, followed by the UCS. It will display a strong conditioned response to

If you learn to turn off a dripping faucet to end the "drip, drip, drip" sound, your behavior was changed through

Animals are predisposed to associate tastes with __________ and to associate lights and sounds with __________.

Which of the following is an intervening variable?

At which stage of an experiment on operant conditioning does an experimenter make use of shaping?

A number of rats drink saccharin-flavored water while hearing loud noises and seeing bright lights. Later, some of the rats are made nauseated and others are given electric shocks. What do the rats learn to avoid?

In general, behaviorists accept the assumption that

You watch someone win election as President of the United States. You would like to win that honor too, but you make no effort to copy the actions of the person who won the election. If you are like most people, the probable reason why you failed to imitate this person is that

The main difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning is that in classical conditioning

A group of people has learned to blink their eyes whenever they see a flashing blue light, because for the last hour that flashing blue light has always been followed by a puff of air to their eyes. If we want to test for the possibility of stimulus generalization, what procedure should we follow?

Some people break bad habits by giving themselves a treat whenever they get through a day without engaging in the habit they want to break. This is an example of

According to the social learning perspective, how can the government increase the self-efficacy of children from a wide variety of backgrounds to aspire to professional careers?

Which of the following is an example of a primary reinforcer?

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristic assumptions of behaviorists?

The disequilibrium principle states that:

Which of the following would a behaviorist be least likely to study?

According to B.F. Skinner, "shaping" refers to

Which response did Pavlov measure in most of his experiments?

What Is Psychology

A --What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A--Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A--Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A--Sensation and Perception

Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Learning

Memory

A--Memory

Cognition and Language

A--Cognition and Language

Intelligence

A--Intelligence

Consciousness

A--Consciousness

Motivated Behaviors

A--Motivated Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

Social Psychology

A--Social Psychology

Personality

A--Personality

Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

Specific Disorders and Treatments

A--Specific Disorders and Treatments

Exam Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination

Filters

Animals are predisposed to associate tastes with and to associate lights and sounds with .