Question 1

Ivan Pavlov was a pioneer in the study of

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  social-learning theory. 
C)  behavior modification. 
D)  classical conditioning. 
A)  operant conditioning. 
B)  social-learning theory. 
C)  behavior modification. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 2

The major point of the discussion of birdsong learning in the text is that

Accepted Answer

A)  unlike mammals, birds learn only through operant conditioning. 
B)  it is likely that species evolve their own ways of learning to solve their own unique problems. 
C)  psychologists now know that the same principles of learning found in mammals also apply to birds. 
D)  this is the only known example (in any species) of classical conditioning without a CS. 
A)  unlike mammals, birds learn only through operant conditioning. 
B)  it is likely that species evolve their own ways of learning to solve their own unique problems. 
C)  psychologists now know that the same principles of learning found in mammals also apply to birds. 
D)  this is the only known example (in any species) of classical conditioning without a CS.

Question 3

In the presence of a light, an animal makes a response that is followed by food. The food is given only when the animal makes the response. Which type of learning is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  social learning 
D)  Not enough information is given for an answer. 
A)  classical conditioning 
B)  operant conditioning 
C)  social learning 
D)  Not enough information is given for an answer.

Question 4

Skinner conducted a famous study in which he punished bar pressing in rats attempting to obtain food by having the bar slap their paws each time they pressed it. Based on the results of this study, Skinner concluded that punishment is ineffective in the long run. A more accurate conclusion would be

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment becomes more effective with the passage of time. 
B)  punishment is effective in the long run if it inflicts enough pain. 
C)  punishment does not weaken a response when no other response is available. 
D)  negative reinforcement is ineffective in the long run, but punishment is very effective. 
A)  punishment becomes more effective with the passage of time. 
B)  punishment is effective in the long run if it inflicts enough pain. 
C)  punishment does not weaken a response when no other response is available. 
D)  negative reinforcement is ineffective in the long run, but punishment is very effective.

Question 5

Edward Thorndike, a pioneer in the study of cats escaping from puzzle boxes, argued that animal learning depends on

Accepted Answer

A)  instinctive drift. 
B)  conditioned responses. 
C)  the growth of an understanding of the relationship between a behavior and its outcome. 
D)  reinforcements that increase the probabilities of certain behaviors. 
A)  instinctive drift. 
B)  conditioned responses. 
C)  the growth of an understanding of the relationship between a behavior and its outcome. 
D)  reinforcements that increase the probabilities of certain behaviors.

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization in operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  You get a good grade by studying a certain way for your sociology class, so you use the same study technique for your psychology class. 
B)  Your history professor focuses on vocabulary words, so you memorize words for that class, but not other classes. 
C)  You react emotionally when your boyfriend or girlfriend gives you an unexpected gift. 
D)  You try several different methods of studying for your psychology exam, not just one. 
A)  You get a good grade by studying a certain way for your sociology class, so you use the same study technique for your psychology class. 
B)  Your history professor focuses on vocabulary words, so you memorize words for that class, but not other classes. 
C)  You react emotionally when your boyfriend or girlfriend gives you an unexpected gift. 
D)  You try several different methods of studying for your psychology exam, not just one.

Question 7

You enjoy getting e-mail messages, so you occasionally check your e-mail to find out if you have any new messages. Which schedule of reinforcement is present in this case?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval 
A)  fixed ratio 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval

Question 8

Which kind of learning generally takes place even though the events to be associated are separated by minutes or hours?

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning 
B)  backward conditioning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  conditioned taste aversion 
A)  operant conditioning 
B)  backward conditioning 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  conditioned taste aversion

Question 9

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  food 
B)  money 
C)  electric shock 
D)  the "silent treatment" 
A)  food 
B)  money 
C)  electric shock 
D)  the "silent treatment"

Question 10

Rats drink a saccharin solution and then are injected with something that makes them slightly ill. They learn to avoid the saccharin solution. What is unusual about this type of learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Rats learn even if the taste and illness are separated by hours. 
B)  Rats show no sign of learning until the taste-illness pairing has been repeated dozens of times. 
C)  Rats show no indication of either stimulus generalization or discrimination in this type of learning. 
D)  Rats forget this type of learning unless they receive daily practice. 
A)  Rats learn even if the taste and illness are separated by hours. 
B)  Rats show no sign of learning until the taste-illness pairing has been repeated dozens of times. 
C)  Rats show no indication of either stimulus generalization or discrimination in this type of learning. 
D)  Rats forget this type of learning unless they receive daily practice.

Question 11

Suppose we want to find an event that will serve as an effective reinforcer for a given person. According to the disequilibrium principle, we should begin by determining

Accepted Answer

A)  which brain areas are more active than average for this person. 
B)  which other people this person admires and wants to resemble. 
C)  how old this person is, and how old are his or her friends. 
D)  which behaviors the person has recently not had an opportunity to do. 
A)  which brain areas are more active than average for this person. 
B)  which other people this person admires and wants to resemble. 
C)  how old this person is, and how old are his or her friends. 
D)  which behaviors the person has recently not had an opportunity to do.

Question 12

The probability of a given response is increased by

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcements only. 
B)  negative reinforcements only. 
C)  either a positive reinforcement or a negative reinforcement. 
D)  neither a positive reinforcement nor a negative reinforcement. 
A)  positive reinforcements only. 
B)  negative reinforcements only. 
C)  either a positive reinforcement or a negative reinforcement. 
D)  neither a positive reinforcement nor a negative reinforcement.

Question 13

An individual receives a reinforcement after a certain number of responses. Sometimes 5 responses are necessary, sometimes 2, and sometimes 10. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval 
A)  fixed ratio 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval

Question 14

Applied behavior analysis makes extensive use of the principles of

Accepted Answer

A)  unconscious thought. 
B)  hypnosis. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  electrical stimulation of the brain. 
A)  unconscious thought. 
B)  hypnosis. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  electrical stimulation of the brain.

Question 15

In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment, the tone is the __________ and the puff of air is the __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus...unconditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned stimulus...conditioned response 
C)  unconditioned stimulus...unconditioned response 
D)  conditioned response...unconditioned response 
A)  conditioned stimulus...unconditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned stimulus...conditioned response 
C)  unconditioned stimulus...unconditioned response 
D)  conditioned response...unconditioned response

Question 16

Skinner conducted a famous study in which he punished bar pressing in rats attempting to obtain food by having the bar slap their paws each time they pressed it. Based on the results of this study, Skinner concluded that

Accepted Answer

A)  punishment is more effective than reinforcement in changing behavior. 
B)  although punishment is ineffective in the short-term, over a longer period of time, punishment is highly effective. 
C)  punishment temporarily suppresses behavior, but it is ineffective in the long run. 
D)  punishment is most effective if it inflicts a high degree of pain. 
A)  punishment is more effective than reinforcement in changing behavior. 
B)  although punishment is ineffective in the short-term, over a longer period of time, punishment is highly effective. 
C)  punishment temporarily suppresses behavior, but it is ineffective in the long run. 
D)  punishment is most effective if it inflicts a high degree of pain.

Question 17

According to the social-learning approach, a large percentage of what people do is based on

Accepted Answer

A)  imitation. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  schedules of reinforcement. 
D)  the law of effect. 
A)  imitation. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  schedules of reinforcement. 
D)  the law of effect.

Question 18

An individual receives a reinforcement after every sixth response. Which type of schedule of reinforcement is this?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio schedule 
B)  fixed-interval schedule 
C)  variable-ratio schedule 
D)  variable-interval schedule 
A)  fixed-ratio schedule 
B)  fixed-interval schedule 
C)  variable-ratio schedule 
D)  variable-interval schedule

Question 19

You were once stung by a bee and now you are somewhat frightened by all insects. You are displaying

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  discrimination. 
C)  stimulus generalization. 
D)  successive approximation. 
A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  discrimination. 
C)  stimulus generalization. 
D)  successive approximation.

Question 20

Which type of experience must a subject go through in classical conditioning before it can display stimulus generalization?

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisition 
B)  spontaneous recovery 
C)  extinction 
D)  discrimination 
A)  acquisition 
B)  spontaneous recovery 
C)  extinction 
D)  discrimination

Exam 6: Learning

Ivan Pavlov was a pioneer in the study of

The major point of the discussion of birdsong learning in the text is that

In the presence of a light, an animal makes a response that is followed by food. The food is given only when the animal makes the response. Which type of learning is this?

Skinner conducted a famous study in which he punished bar pressing in rats attempting to obtain food by having the bar slap their paws each time they pressed it. Based on the results of this study, Skinner concluded that punishment is ineffective in the long run. A more accurate conclusion would be

Edward Thorndike, a pioneer in the study of cats escaping from puzzle boxes, argued that animal learning depends on

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization in operant conditioning?

You enjoy getting e-mail messages, so you occasionally check your e-mail to find out if you have any new messages. Which schedule of reinforcement is present in this case?

Which kind of learning generally takes place even though the events to be associated are separated by minutes or hours?

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Rats drink a saccharin solution and then are injected with something that makes them slightly ill. They learn to avoid the saccharin solution. What is unusual about this type of learning?

Suppose we want to find an event that will serve as an effective reinforcer for a given person. According to the disequilibrium principle, we should begin by determining

The probability of a given response is increased by

An individual receives a reinforcement after a certain number of responses. Sometimes 5 responses are necessary, sometimes 2, and sometimes 10. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

Applied behavior analysis makes extensive use of the principles of

In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment, the tone is the __________ and the puff of air is the __________.

Skinner conducted a famous study in which he punished bar pressing in rats attempting to obtain food by having the bar slap their paws each time they pressed it. Based on the results of this study, Skinner concluded that

According to the social-learning approach, a large percentage of what people do is based on

An individual receives a reinforcement after every sixth response. Which type of schedule of reinforcement is this?

You were once stung by a bee and now you are somewhat frightened by all insects. You are displaying

Which type of experience must a subject go through in classical conditioning before it can display stimulus generalization?

What Is Psychology

A --What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A--Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A--Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A--Sensation and Perception

Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Learning

Memory

A--Memory

Cognition and Language

A--Cognition and Language

Intelligence

A--Intelligence

Consciousness

A--Consciousness

Motivated Behaviors

A--Motivated Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

Social Psychology

A--Social Psychology

Personality

A--Personality

Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

Specific Disorders and Treatments

A--Specific Disorders and Treatments

Exam Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination

Filters

In an experiment on classical conditioning, a tone is followed by a puff of air to the eyes. After several repetitions, subjects blink their eyes when they hear the tone. In this experiment, the tone is the and the puff of air is the .