Question 1

In order to reduce risky behavior of children on a playground, a safety officer offered rewards to the entire class if everyone played more safely. Researchers found this program

Accepted Answer

A)  effective, even though the reinforcements were very small (e.g., blue ribbons). 
B)  effective, provided the reinforcements were very large (e.g., $5 per week). 
C)  effective, but only on the day the reinforcement was delivered. 
D)  less effective than physically punishing children for risky behavior. 
A)  effective, even though the reinforcements were very small (e.g., blue ribbons). 
B)  effective, provided the reinforcements were very large (e.g., $5 per week). 
C)  effective, but only on the day the reinforcement was delivered. 
D)  less effective than physically punishing children for risky behavior.

Question 2

The more lottery tickets you buy, the greater your chances of winning. However, you have no way of knowing how many tickets you will have to buy before you win. It might be fewer than ten; it might be more than a million. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval 
A)  fixed ratio 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval

Question 3

Pavlov repeatedly paired a buzzer with the presentation of food and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the food was the

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  conditioned stimulus. 
D)  conditioned response. 
A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  conditioned stimulus. 
D)  conditioned response.

Question 4

Which of the following statements about extinction following intermittent reinforcement is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  Behaviors that were intermittently reinforced never extinguish. 
B)  Extinction following intermittent reinforcement is slower than following continuous reinforcement. 
C)  Extinction following intermittent reinforcement is more rapid than following continuous reinforcement. 
D)  Behaviors reinforced on a intermittent reinforcement schedule will spontaneously extinguish unless occasional periods of continuous reinforcement are used. 
A)  Behaviors that were intermittently reinforced never extinguish. 
B)  Extinction following intermittent reinforcement is slower than following continuous reinforcement. 
C)  Extinction following intermittent reinforcement is more rapid than following continuous reinforcement. 
D)  Behaviors reinforced on a intermittent reinforcement schedule will spontaneously extinguish unless occasional periods of continuous reinforcement are used.

Question 5

An experimenter wishes to provide reinforcement for a rat every time it presses a lever. But the rat never presses the lever. Therefore the experimenter decides to use the procedure of shaping. What will the experimenter do first?

Accepted Answer

A)  Show the rat how to press the lever. 
B)  Mold the rat's body into the correct position to press the lever. 
C)  Change the dimensions of the lever. 
D)  Reinforce the rat for something simple, like sitting up. 
A)  Show the rat how to press the lever. 
B)  Mold the rat's body into the correct position to press the lever. 
C)  Change the dimensions of the lever. 
D)  Reinforce the rat for something simple, like sitting up.

Question 6

Rats drink saccharin-flavored water while also seeing bright lights and hearing loud noises. Almost at once, they receive an electric shock to their feet. As a result of this experience, what do they avoid?

Accepted Answer

A)  saccharin-flavored water 
B)  bright lights and loud noises 
C)  saccharin-flavored water, bright lights, and loud noises equally 
D)  nothing 
A)  saccharin-flavored water 
B)  bright lights and loud noises 
C)  saccharin-flavored water, bright lights, and loud noises equally 
D)  nothing

Question 7

Suppose your alarm made a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. In this example, the clicking is a/an

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  conditioned stimulus. 
D)  conditioned response. 
A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  conditioned stimulus. 
D)  conditioned response.

Question 8

A slow but steady rate of responding is most characteristic of behavior reinforced on a __________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio 
B)  continuous 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval 
A)  fixed ratio 
B)  continuous 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval

Question 9

Another term for the Skinner box is the

Accepted Answer

A)  puzzle box. 
B)  operant-conditioning chamber. 
C)  behaviorist box. 
D)  Pandora box. 
A)  puzzle box. 
B)  operant-conditioning chamber. 
C)  behaviorist box. 
D)  Pandora box.

Question 10

When someone acquires a complex response through reinforcement for gradual approximations to the response, the training procedure is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping. 
B)  conditioned reinforcement. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  molding. 
A)  shaping. 
B)  conditioned reinforcement. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  molding.

Question 11

Vicarious punishment

Accepted Answer

A)  works better than vicarious reinforcement. 
B)  involves actual physical consequences to the learner. 
C)  affects behavior less than vicarious reinforcement. 
D)  does not involve a model. 
A)  works better than vicarious reinforcement. 
B)  involves actual physical consequences to the learner. 
C)  affects behavior less than vicarious reinforcement. 
D)  does not involve a model.

Question 12

You attend every new movie that appears at your local theater. You find that most of them are dull (not reinforcing) but really enjoy about one-fourth of them. This is an example of a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  variable-ratio 
C)  fixed-interval 
D)  variable-interval 
A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  variable-ratio 
C)  fixed-interval 
D)  variable-interval

Question 13

An individual receives a reinforcement for the first response after some period of time, but the amount of time changes. Sometimes the individual has to wait as much as 3 minutes, sometimes as little as 10 seconds. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval 
A)  fixed ratio 
B)  variable ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval

Question 14

An animal that is made ill 15 minutes after eating a new food will

Accepted Answer

A)  fail to associate the food and the illness due to the long delay. 
B)  prefer that food to other foods normally in its diet. 
C)  not eat any food for several hours, but will then eat the new food and old foods equally. 
D)  treat the food as if it were foul-tasting. 
A)  fail to associate the food and the illness due to the long delay. 
B)  prefer that food to other foods normally in its diet. 
C)  not eat any food for several hours, but will then eat the new food and old foods equally. 
D)  treat the food as if it were foul-tasting.

Question 15

Suppose your alarm made a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is

Accepted Answer

A)  waking up to your alarm. 
B)  the alarm. 
C)  the clicking. 
D)  waking up to the clicking. 
A)  waking up to your alarm. 
B)  the alarm. 
C)  the clicking. 
D)  waking up to the clicking.

Question 16

Shaping (in the context of operant conditioning) means

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement. 
B)  reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior. 
C)  physically forcing a response. 
D)  withholding reinforcement until an undesirable behavior ceases. 
A)  positive reinforcement. 
B)  reinforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior. 
C)  physically forcing a response. 
D)  withholding reinforcement until an undesirable behavior ceases.

Question 17

Edward Thorndike watched cats learn to escape from puzzle boxes. Because they improved gradually over many trials, he concluded that

Accepted Answer

A)  the cats learned without developing any insight or understanding. 
B)  the process required classical conditioning, not operant. 
C)  the learning took place in the muscles, not the brain. 
D)  the cats needed to gain many kinds of understanding before mastering the task. 
A)  the cats learned without developing any insight or understanding. 
B)  the process required classical conditioning, not operant. 
C)  the learning took place in the muscles, not the brain. 
D)  the cats needed to gain many kinds of understanding before mastering the task.

Question 18

Behaviorism began, in part, as a protest against psychologists who tried to study

Accepted Answer

A)  mental experiences. 
B)  the effects of reinforcements and punishments. 
C)  animal learning. 
D)  reflexes. 
A)  mental experiences. 
B)  the effects of reinforcements and punishments. 
C)  animal learning. 
D)  reflexes.

Question 19

The idea that all behavior has causes and obeys certain laws is called

Accepted Answer

A)  structuralism. 
B)  pantheism. 
C)  determinism. 
D)  transactional analysis. 
A)  structuralism. 
B)  pantheism. 
C)  determinism. 
D)  transactional analysis.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of behaviorism?

Accepted Answer

A)  Behavior is molded by the environment. 
B)  All behavior is caused. 
C)  Mental explanations do not explain causes of behavior. 
D)  Examining people's thoughts provides valid data. 
A)  Behavior is molded by the environment. 
B)  All behavior is caused. 
C)  Mental explanations do not explain causes of behavior. 
D)  Examining people's thoughts provides valid data.

Exam 6: Learning

In order to reduce risky behavior of children on a playground, a safety officer offered rewards to the entire class if everyone played more safely. Researchers found this program

The more lottery tickets you buy, the greater your chances of winning. However, you have no way of knowing how many tickets you will have to buy before you win. It might be fewer than ten; it might be more than a million. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

Pavlov repeatedly paired a buzzer with the presentation of food and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the food was the

Which of the following statements about extinction following intermittent reinforcement is true?

An experimenter wishes to provide reinforcement for a rat every time it presses a lever. But the rat never presses the lever. Therefore the experimenter decides to use the procedure of shaping. What will the experimenter do first?

Rats drink saccharin-flavored water while also seeing bright lights and hearing loud noises. Almost at once, they receive an electric shock to their feet. As a result of this experience, what do they avoid?

Suppose your alarm made a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. In this example, the clicking is a/an

A slow but steady rate of responding is most characteristic of behavior reinforced on a __________ schedule.

Another term for the Skinner box is the

When someone acquires a complex response through reinforcement for gradual approximations to the response, the training procedure is known as

Vicarious punishment

You attend every new movie that appears at your local theater. You find that most of them are dull (not reinforcing) but really enjoy about one-fourth of them. This is an example of a __________ schedule of reinforcement.

An individual receives a reinforcement for the first response after some period of time, but the amount of time changes. Sometimes the individual has to wait as much as 3 minutes, sometimes as little as 10 seconds. This is an example of which type of schedule of reinforcement?

An animal that is made ill 15 minutes after eating a new food will

Suppose your alarm made a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is

Shaping (in the context of operant conditioning) means

Edward Thorndike watched cats learn to escape from puzzle boxes. Because they improved gradually over many trials, he concluded that

Behaviorism began, in part, as a protest against psychologists who tried to study

The idea that all behavior has causes and obeys certain laws is called

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of behaviorism?

What Is Psychology

A --What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A--Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A--Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A--Sensation and Perception

Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Learning

Memory

A--Memory

Cognition and Language

A--Cognition and Language

Intelligence

A--Intelligence

Consciousness

A--Consciousness

Motivated Behaviors

A--Motivated Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

Social Psychology

A--Social Psychology

Personality

A--Personality

Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

Specific Disorders and Treatments

A--Specific Disorders and Treatments

Exam Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination

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