Question 1

What is spontaneous recovery?

Accepted Answer

A)  a learned decrease in responding 
B)  an increase in responding after a delay following extinction 
C)  a response to a stimulus that resembles the stimulus used in training 
D)  a conditioned response to a stimulus that followed the unconditioned stimulus 
A)  a learned decrease in responding 
B)  an increase in responding after a delay following extinction 
C)  a response to a stimulus that resembles the stimulus used in training 
D)  a conditioned response to a stimulus that followed the unconditioned stimulus

Question 2

Applied behavior analysis (or behavior modification) is based on immediate reinforcements for behaviors, with gradually increasing demands for certain kinds of behavior. The idea is based on

Accepted Answer

A)  Pavlov's concept of classical conditioning. 
B)  Ebbinghaus's studies of memory. 
C)  Kahneman's research of heuristics. 
D)  Skinner's procedure of shaping. 
A)  Pavlov's concept of classical conditioning. 
B)  Ebbinghaus's studies of memory. 
C)  Kahneman's research of heuristics. 
D)  Skinner's procedure of shaping.

Question 3

Research on spanking (as a form of physical punishment) indicates that spanking

Accepted Answer

A)  causes an increase in the child's aggressive behavior. 
B)  is most likely to stop the unwanted behavior in the short term if it is quick and predictable. 
C)  actually serves as a reinforcer, leading to an increase in the unwanted behavior. 
D)  effectively reduces the unwanted behavior in the long run but is less effective in the short term. 
A)  causes an increase in the child's aggressive behavior. 
B)  is most likely to stop the unwanted behavior in the short term if it is quick and predictable. 
C)  actually serves as a reinforcer, leading to an increase in the unwanted behavior. 
D)  effectively reduces the unwanted behavior in the long run but is less effective in the short term.

Question 4

An event that can serve as a reinforcer only because of its previous association with other reinforcers is known as

Accepted Answer

A)  a secondary reinforcer. 
B)  a primary reinforcer. 
C)  an unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  an operant. 
A)  a secondary reinforcer. 
B)  a primary reinforcer. 
C)  an unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  an operant.

Question 5

Drug tolerance has been interpreted by some as an example of classical conditioning. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the injection and the conditioned response is

Accepted Answer

A)  the drug entering the brain. 
B)  the drug user. 
C)  the drug itself. 
D)  the body's defenses against the drug. 
A)  the drug entering the brain. 
B)  the drug user. 
C)  the drug itself. 
D)  the body's defenses against the drug.

Question 6

Modern behaviorists generally believe that

Accepted Answer

A)  all human and animal behavior can be described as simple responses to current, simple stimuli. 
B)  human thought is the only appropriate subject matter for psychologists to study. 
C)  behavior is a product of an individual's past history of stimuli and responses, as well as responses to current stimuli. 
D)  determinism is an obsolete concept. 
A)  all human and animal behavior can be described as simple responses to current, simple stimuli. 
B)  human thought is the only appropriate subject matter for psychologists to study. 
C)  behavior is a product of an individual's past history of stimuli and responses, as well as responses to current stimuli. 
D)  determinism is an obsolete concept.

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT an application of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  the common methods of animal training 
B)  modifying people's behavior in prisons 
C)  use of poisoning for rat extermination 
D)  rewarding oneself for breaking a bad habit 
A)  the common methods of animal training 
B)  modifying people's behavior in prisons 
C)  use of poisoning for rat extermination 
D)  rewarding oneself for breaking a bad habit

Question 8

A study presented participants with a variety of Pokemon characters and asked them to respond to a "target" character. Some other characters were consistently paired with either positive words or pictures or with negative words or pictures. When asked to rate the Pokemon characters after the study, participants gave the most favorable ratings to

Accepted Answer

A)  the Pokemon paired with positive words or pictures. 
B)  the target Pokemon character. 
C)  the Pokemon paired with negative words or pictures. 
D)  all the Pokemons because they're so cute. 
A)  the Pokemon paired with positive words or pictures. 
B)  the target Pokemon character. 
C)  the Pokemon paired with negative words or pictures. 
D)  all the Pokemons because they're so cute.

Question 9

If you give a dog some food every time you sound one tone but fail to present food after a second tone, you are likely to produce

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  backward conditioning. 
D)  discrimination. 
A)  stimulus generalization. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  backward conditioning. 
D)  discrimination.

Question 10

After several pairings of a beeping sound with an electric shock, a person reacts to the beeping sound by flinching, increased heart rate, and other signs of fear. How could someone extinguish this response?

Accepted Answer

A)  Punish the person for any sign of fear. 
B)  Wait a long time without either the sound or the shocks. 
C)  Present the shocks after some other sound. 
D)  Present the beeping sound alone, repeatedly. 
A)  Punish the person for any sign of fear. 
B)  Wait a long time without either the sound or the shocks. 
C)  Present the shocks after some other sound. 
D)  Present the beeping sound alone, repeatedly.

Question 11

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution inspired psychologists of the early 1900s to study

Accepted Answer

A)  the genetic basis of learning in humans. 
B)  increases in intelligence from one generation to the next. 
C)  animal learning and intelligence. 
D)  the transmission of memories from parent to child. 
A)  the genetic basis of learning in humans. 
B)  increases in intelligence from one generation to the next. 
C)  animal learning and intelligence. 
D)  the transmission of memories from parent to child.

Question 12

In an experiment on classical conditioning, the training may go through three steps. If so, the only possible order of those steps is:

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery 
B)  acquisition, spontaneous recovery, extinction 
C)  extinction, acquisition, spontaneous recovery 
D)  spontaneous recovery, acquisition, extinction 
A)  acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery 
B)  acquisition, spontaneous recovery, extinction 
C)  extinction, acquisition, spontaneous recovery 
D)  spontaneous recovery, acquisition, extinction

Question 13

In some drug abusers, drug tolerance develops through classical conditioning. The conditioned stimulus in these cases is

Accepted Answer

A)  the drug administration ritual. 
B)  the positive feelings produced by the drug. 
C)  the body's countermeasures against the effects of the drug. 
D)  the drug's entry into the brain. 
A)  the drug administration ritual. 
B)  the positive feelings produced by the drug. 
C)  the body's countermeasures against the effects of the drug. 
D)  the drug's entry into the brain.

Question 14

Suppose your alarm made a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. In this example, the unconditioned response is

Accepted Answer

A)  waking up to your alarm. 
B)  the alarm. 
C)  the clicking. 
D)  waking up to the clicking. 
A)  waking up to your alarm. 
B)  the alarm. 
C)  the clicking. 
D)  waking up to the clicking.

Question 15

Negative reinforcement is a procedure in which a response

Accepted Answer

A)  is weakened because it leads to the omission of a favorable stimulus. 
B)  is strengthened because it removes an unfavorable stimulus. 
C)  is weakened because it leads to an unfavorable stimulus. 
D)  is weakened because it is followed by nothing. 
A)  is weakened because it leads to the omission of a favorable stimulus. 
B)  is strengthened because it removes an unfavorable stimulus. 
C)  is weakened because it leads to an unfavorable stimulus. 
D)  is weakened because it is followed by nothing.

Question 16

In Pavlov's experiments he paired a sound with the presentation of food and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the unconditioned stimulus was the

Accepted Answer

A)  food. 
B)  sound. 
C)  salivation to food. 
D)  salivation to the sound. 
A)  food. 
B)  sound. 
C)  salivation to food. 
D)  salivation to the sound.

Question 17

A nursing mother puts her baby to her breast to feed every time she hears it cry. After a few days, her milk starts to flow as soon as she hears the baby. In terms of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus?

Accepted Answer

A)  the baby's cry 
B)  the baby sucking at the breast 
C)  the mother 
D)  the flow of milk 
A)  the baby's cry 
B)  the baby sucking at the breast 
C)  the mother 
D)  the flow of milk

Question 18

In the past, every time a rat has pressed a lever it has received a piece of food. The rat's rate of pressing has reached a high level. What procedure would produce extinction of the response?

Accepted Answer

A)  Give the rat a shock for pressing the lever. 
B)  Present the food repeatedly by itself, when the rat is in a cage without the lever. 
C)  Let the rat press the lever many times without receiving food. 
D)  Allow a long time to pass during which the rat has no opportunity to practice the response. 
A)  Give the rat a shock for pressing the lever. 
B)  Present the food repeatedly by itself, when the rat is in a cage without the lever. 
C)  Let the rat press the lever many times without receiving food. 
D)  Allow a long time to pass during which the rat has no opportunity to practice the response.

Question 19

According to radical behaviorists,

Accepted Answer

A)  we can use behavioral observations to infer how the mind works. 
B)  internal processes, such as hopes and expectations, are never the causes of behavior. 
C)  all important behavioral variations can be traced to genetics. 
D)  all behavior can be explained in terms of the id and the ego. 
A)  we can use behavioral observations to infer how the mind works. 
B)  internal processes, such as hopes and expectations, are never the causes of behavior. 
C)  all important behavioral variations can be traced to genetics. 
D)  all behavior can be explained in terms of the id and the ego.

Question 20

Who discovered classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  Skinner 
B)  Ebbinghaus 
C)  Pavlov 
D)  Thorndike 
A)  Skinner 
B)  Ebbinghaus 
C)  Pavlov 
D)  Thorndike

Exam 6: Learning

What is spontaneous recovery?

Applied behavior analysis (or behavior modification) is based on immediate reinforcements for behaviors, with gradually increasing demands for certain kinds of behavior. The idea is based on

Research on spanking (as a form of physical punishment) indicates that spanking

An event that can serve as a reinforcer only because of its previous association with other reinforcers is known as

Drug tolerance has been interpreted by some as an example of classical conditioning. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the injection and the conditioned response is

Modern behaviorists generally believe that

Which of the following is NOT an application of operant conditioning?

If you give a dog some food every time you sound one tone but fail to present food after a second tone, you are likely to produce

After several pairings of a beeping sound with an electric shock, a person reacts to the beeping sound by flinching, increased heart rate, and other signs of fear. How could someone extinguish this response?

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution inspired psychologists of the early 1900s to study

In an experiment on classical conditioning, the training may go through three steps. If so, the only possible order of those steps is:

In some drug abusers, drug tolerance develops through classical conditioning. The conditioned stimulus in these cases is

Suppose your alarm made a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. In this example, the unconditioned response is

Negative reinforcement is a procedure in which a response

In Pavlov's experiments he paired a sound with the presentation of food and measured salivation to each. In this experiment the unconditioned stimulus was the

A nursing mother puts her baby to her breast to feed every time she hears it cry. After a few days, her milk starts to flow as soon as she hears the baby. In terms of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned stimulus?

In the past, every time a rat has pressed a lever it has received a piece of food. The rat's rate of pressing has reached a high level. What procedure would produce extinction of the response?

According to radical behaviorists,

Who discovered classical conditioning?

What Is Psychology

A --What Is Psychology

Scientific Methods in Psychology

A--Scientific Methods in Psychology

Biological Psychology

A--Biological Psychology

Sensation and Perception

A--Sensation and Perception

Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development

A--Learning

Memory

A--Memory

Cognition and Language

A--Cognition and Language

Intelligence

A--Intelligence

Consciousness

A--Consciousness

Motivated Behaviors

A--Motivated Behaviors

Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health

Social Psychology

A--Social Psychology

Personality

A--Personality

Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues

Specific Disorders and Treatments

A--Specific Disorders and Treatments

Exam Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination

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