Question 1

What happened after ''Little Albert'' was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat?

Accepted Answer

A) Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects. 
B) The sight of the hammer produced spontaneous recovery of the unconditioned response. 
C) Stimulus discrimination occurred; Albert responded with fear to white rats but not to other furry animals or to fuzzy objects. 
D) The conditioned fear response was quickly and easily extinguished. 
A) Stimulus generalization occurred; Albert responded with fear to other furry animals and fuzzy objects. 
B) The sight of the hammer produced spontaneous recovery of the unconditioned response. 
C) Stimulus discrimination occurred; Albert responded with fear to white rats but not to other furry animals or to fuzzy objects. 
D) The conditioned fear response was quickly and easily extinguished.

Question 2

If you reinforce successively closer approximations of a behavior until the desired behavior is displayed, you are using the operant conditioning procedure called:

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement. 
B) stimulus discrimination. 
C) shaping. 
D) generalization training. 
A) negative reinforcement. 
B) stimulus discrimination. 
C) shaping. 
D) generalization training.

Question 3

Standing at the curb, you wait for the ''Don't Walk'' crossing signal to change to ''Walk.'' Using operant conditioning terms, the ''Don't Walk/Walk'' crossing signal is a(n) _____ in this situation.

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcer 
B) discriminative stimulus 
C) operant 
D) primary reinforcer 
A) positive reinforcer 
B) discriminative stimulus 
C) operant 
D) primary reinforcer

Question 4

The vast majority of studies on media violence and aggressive behavior:

Accepted Answer

A) are focused on adolescents. 
B) are correlational. 
C) conclusively demonstrate that media violence causes aggressive behavior. 
D) do not distinguish between passive media such as television and active media such as video games. 
A) are focused on adolescents. 
B) are correlational. 
C) conclusively demonstrate that media violence causes aggressive behavior. 
D) do not distinguish between passive media such as television and active media such as video games.

Question 5

Which psychologist proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Edward C. Tolman 
B) Robert Rescorla 
C) John Garcia 
D) John B. Watson 
A) Edward C. Tolman 
B) Robert Rescorla 
C) John Garcia 
D) John B. Watson

Question 6

In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, what will occur?

Accepted Answer

A) stimulus generalization 
B) stimulus discrimination 
C) extinction 
D) spontaneous recovery 
A) stimulus generalization 
B) stimulus discrimination 
C) extinction 
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 7

You want to make sure that you will get to work on time. You call a co-worker who is always punctual and ask her to meet you for coffee before work the next morning, because you know you'll be more likely to be on time if someone is waiting to meet you. You are using a strategy called:

Accepted Answer

A) self-reinforcement. 
B) stimulus control. 
C) precommitment. 
D) focus on the delayed reinforcer. 
A) self-reinforcement. 
B) stimulus control. 
C) precommitment. 
D) focus on the delayed reinforcer.

Question 8

Modern research on advertising and marketing techniques has shown that:

Accepted Answer

A) most people are not affected by the use of classical conditioning methods in advertising. 
B) attitudes toward a product or a particular brand can be influenced by the use of classical conditioning techniques in advertising campaigns. 
C) modern advertising has abandoned the use of classical conditioning techniques, since they have been shown to be ineffective. 
D) pairing products with stimuli that naturally elicit fear is the only way in which classical conditioning techniques affect brand preferences or product choices. 
A) most people are not affected by the use of classical conditioning methods in advertising. 
B) attitudes toward a product or a particular brand can be influenced by the use of classical conditioning techniques in advertising campaigns. 
C) modern advertising has abandoned the use of classical conditioning techniques, since they have been shown to be ineffective. 
D) pairing products with stimuli that naturally elicit fear is the only way in which classical conditioning techniques affect brand preferences or product choices.

Question 9

Phobias of heights, storms, snakes, and spiders are much more common than phobias of cars, stairs, stoves, or sharp objects. According to psychologist Martin Seligman, the reason is that:

Accepted Answer

A) we are more likely to develop phobias for objects or situations that posed a threat to our evolutionary survival. 
B) it is superstitious behavior due to accidental reinforcement. 
C) we have become conditioned through films and television shows to fear certain stimuli, even though we have never been personally threatened by those stimuli. 
D) instinctive drift is occurring. 
A) we are more likely to develop phobias for objects or situations that posed a threat to our evolutionary survival. 
B) it is superstitious behavior due to accidental reinforcement. 
C) we have become conditioned through films and television shows to fear certain stimuli, even though we have never been personally threatened by those stimuli. 
D) instinctive drift is occurring.

Question 10

A rat in a Skinner box receives a food pellet every ten times the bar is pressed. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) fixed-ratio 
B) variable-ratio 
C) fixed-interval 
D) variable-interval 
A) fixed-ratio 
B) variable-ratio 
C) fixed-interval 
D) variable-interval

Question 11

Who discovered the basic process of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Robert Rescorla 
B) B. F. Skinner 
C) John B. Watson 
D) Ivan Pavlov 
A) Robert Rescorla 
B) B. F. Skinner 
C) John B. Watson 
D) Ivan Pavlov

Question 12

Which of the following would be considered a conditioned reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) food 
B) water 
C) sexual contact 
D) money 
A) food 
B) water 
C) sexual contact 
D) money

Question 13

Edward C. Tolman's concept of latent learning helps to demonstrate that:

Accepted Answer

A) only people can develop cognitive maps of their environments. 
B) animals learn more by mental representation than by reinforcement. 
C) learning will not occur unless behavior is ''stamped in'' by a rewarding consequence. 
D) rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself. 
A) only people can develop cognitive maps of their environments. 
B) animals learn more by mental representation than by reinforcement. 
C) learning will not occur unless behavior is ''stamped in'' by a rewarding consequence. 
D) rewards affect performance of what has been learned rather than the process of learning itself.

Question 14

Because he was flirting with another woman, a guy gets dumped by his girlfriend. The guy no longer flirts with other women in front of his girlfriends. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement. 
B) higher order conditioning. 
C) positive punishment. 
D) negative punishment. 
A) negative reinforcement. 
B) higher order conditioning. 
C) positive punishment. 
D) negative punishment.

Question 15

Which of the following statements best captures the basic idea of operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. 
B) By pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus, the neutral stimulus can come to produce the same response. 
C) Mental processes play a critical role in the process of imitating the behavior of others. 
D) Behavior can only be understood by considering underlying mental processes. 
A) Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. 
B) By pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus, the neutral stimulus can come to produce the same response. 
C) Mental processes play a critical role in the process of imitating the behavior of others. 
D) Behavior can only be understood by considering underlying mental processes.

Question 16

The famous ''Little Albert'' study conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated that:

Accepted Answer

A) even a baby can be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell. 
B) it was possible to classically condition an emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus. 
C) it was possible to operantly condition voluntary behavior in infants if the right reinforcer were presented immediately following the target behavior. 
D) all emotional reactions are inborn, naturally occurring reflexes. 
A) even a baby can be conditioned to salivate to the sound of a bell. 
B) it was possible to classically condition an emotional reaction to a previously neutral stimulus. 
C) it was possible to operantly condition voluntary behavior in infants if the right reinforcer were presented immediately following the target behavior. 
D) all emotional reactions are inborn, naturally occurring reflexes.

Question 17

An operant could be defined as:

Accepted Answer

A) someone whose actions you observe. 
B) a voluntary action. 
C) an automatic, reflexive behavior. 
D) the mental image of an object or action. 
A) someone whose actions you observe. 
B) a voluntary action. 
C) an automatic, reflexive behavior. 
D) the mental image of an object or action.

Question 18

Psychologist John Garcia conditioned rats to have a taste aversion to sweet-tasting water by injecting them with a drug that made them ill. Using classical conditioning terminology, what was the conditioned response (CR) in this experimental situation?

Accepted Answer

A) the sweet-tasting water 
B) the drug 
C) getting ill in response to the drug 
D) getting ill in response to the sweet-flavored water 
A) the sweet-tasting water 
B) the drug 
C) getting ill in response to the drug 
D) getting ill in response to the sweet-flavored water

Question 19

If you shine a bright light directly into a person's eye, the pupil of the eye will reflexively constrict. Using Pavlov's terminology, the bright light would be termed the _____, and the pupil constricting would be termed the _____.

Accepted Answer

A) CS; UCS 
B) CR; UCR 
C) UCS; UCR 
D) CS; CR 
A) CS; UCS 
B) CR; UCR 
C) UCS; UCR 
D) CS; CR

Question 20

How can you explain the finding that quail could be easily conditioned to associate an illness with blue-colored water but rats could not?

Accepted Answer

A) Quail are less intelligent than rats. 
B) Rats are color-blind, while quail are not. 
C) Rats are biologically prepared to associate the color blue with danger rather than illness. 
D) Quail are biologically prepared to associate visual stimuli with illness, while rats are not. 
A) Quail are less intelligent than rats. 
B) Rats are color-blind, while quail are not. 
C) Rats are biologically prepared to associate the color blue with danger rather than illness. 
D) Quail are biologically prepared to associate visual stimuli with illness, while rats are not.

Exam 5: Section 2: Learning

What happened after ''Little Albert'' was classically conditioned to fear a tame white rat?

If you reinforce successively closer approximations of a behavior until the desired behavior is displayed, you are using the operant conditioning procedure called:

Standing at the curb, you wait for the ''Don't Walk'' crossing signal to change to ''Walk.'' Using operant conditioning terms, the ''Don't Walk/Walk'' crossing signal is a(n) _____ in this situation.

The vast majority of studies on media violence and aggressive behavior:

Which psychologist proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning?

In classical conditioning, if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus, what will occur?

You want to make sure that you will get to work on time. You call a co-worker who is always punctual and ask her to meet you for coffee before work the next morning, because you know you'll be more likely to be on time if someone is waiting to meet you. You are using a strategy called:

Modern research on advertising and marketing techniques has shown that:

Phobias of heights, storms, snakes, and spiders are much more common than phobias of cars, stairs, stoves, or sharp objects. According to psychologist Martin Seligman, the reason is that:

A rat in a Skinner box receives a food pellet every ten times the bar is pressed. The rat is on a _____ schedule of reinforcement.

Who discovered the basic process of classical conditioning?

Which of the following would be considered a conditioned reinforcer?

Edward C. Tolman's concept of latent learning helps to demonstrate that:

Because he was flirting with another woman, a guy gets dumped by his girlfriend. The guy no longer flirts with other women in front of his girlfriends. This is an example of:

Which of the following statements best captures the basic idea of operant conditioning?

The famous ''Little Albert'' study conducted by John Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrated that:

An operant could be defined as:

Psychologist John Garcia conditioned rats to have a taste aversion to sweet-tasting water by injecting them with a drug that made them ill. Using classical conditioning terminology, what was the conditioned response (CR) in this experimental situation?

If you shine a bright light directly into a person's eye, the pupil of the eye will reflexively constrict. Using Pavlov's terminology, the bright light would be termed the _____, and the pupil constricting would be termed the _____.

How can you explain the finding that quail could be easily conditioned to associate an illness with blue-colored water but rats could not?

Section 1: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 2: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 3: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 4: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 5: Introduction and Research Methods

Section 1: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 2: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 3: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 4: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 5: Neuroscience and Behavior

Section 1: Sensation and Perception

Section 2: Sensation and Perception

Section 3: Sensation and Perception

Section 4: Sensation and Perception

Section 5: Sensation and Perception

Section 1: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 2: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 3: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 4: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 5: Consciousness and Its Variations

Section 1: Learning

Section 3: Learning

Section 4: Learning

Section 5: Learning

Section 1: Memory

Section 2: Memory

Section 3: Memory

Section 4: Memory

Section 5: Memory

Section 1: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 2: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 3: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 4: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 5: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

Section 1: Motivation and Emotion

Section 2: Motivation and Emotion

Section 3: Motivation and Emotion

Section 4: Motivation and Emotion

Section 5: Motivation and Emotion

Section 1: Lifespan Development

Section 2: Lifespan Development

Section 3: Lifespan Development

Section 4: Lifespan Development

Section 5: Lifespan Development

Section 1: Personality

Section 2: Personality

Section 3: Personality

Section 4: Personality

Section 5: Personality

Section 1: Social Psychology

Section 2: Social Psychology

Section 3: Social Psychology

Section 4: Social Psychology

Section 5: Social Psychology

Section 1: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 2: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 3: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 4: Stress, Health, and Coping

Section 5: Stress, Health, and Coping

If you shine a bright light directly into a person's eye, the pupil of the eye will reflexively constrict. Using Pavlov's terminology, the bright light would be termed the _, and the pupil constricting would be termed the _.