Exam 2: Seciton 2: Beginnings: Theories of Development

Selective _____ is the process by which living creatures (including people) adjust to their environment.

Tanner received praise for his aggressive defense in the basketball game. This encouraged him to play aggressive defense in the next game. In this example, praise was operating as a _____ for Tanner.

The central thesis of _____ theory is that human development results from the dynamic interaction between developing persons and their surrounding society.

_____ thought that people should give each other unconditional positive regard.

Behaviorism is a type of _____ theory.

The _____ theory was inspired by the input, programming, memory, and output of a computer.

Jason learned that emotions impact performance. From this, he developed the idea that students who are sad when they take a test will perform poorly compared to those who take it while happy. In this example, Jason used a theory to produce a _____.

_____ theories hold that all people share impulses and motivations.

Humanists emphasize what all people have in _____, not their national, ethnic, or cultural differences.

Dr. Fine is trying to explain childhood aggression. He says that children might learn aggression by observing it, but they also may be expressing aggression because being aggressive may allow them to survive long enough to reproduce. In explaining childhood aggression, Dr. Fine is using the _____ perspective.

Piaget's stages of cognitive development include the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and _____ operational stages.

The term _____ communicates a common behavior that results from biological or social pressure.

Theories can produce hypotheses, generate _____, and offer practical guidance.

Vygotsky developed the concept of _____, which is the method used by parents, teachers, and entire societies to teach novices the skills and habits expected within their culture.

The foundation of psychoanalytic theory is inner drives, motives, and _____ needs.

After visiting the doctor's office several times and receiving a shot each time, Erin now tenses and cries when her mother pulls into the doctor's parking lot. Erin's response is due to _____ conditioning.

Tim watches his dad mow the lawn. After a few minutes, Tim takes a toy lawnmower and begins following his dad, row by row. Tim is _____ his dad's behavior.

Each theory, grand or newer, has received severe criticism. The _____ theory has been criticized for being too subjective.

According to Maslow, a person getting a drink is satisfying a _____ need.

According to _____ theory, nature works to ensure that individuals survive and reproduce.