Exam 18: Seciton 1: Emerging Adulthood: Cognitive Development

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Gilligan believes that decisions about reproduction advance moral thinking, especially for women. According to Gilligan, the two sexes think differently about parenthood and abortion. Girls are socialized to develop a morality of care. They give human needs and relationships the highest priority. In contrast, boys develop a morality of justice; they are taught to distinguish right from wrong.
Other research disagrees with Gilligan; it does not find gender differences in moral thinking. Factors such as culture, education, and specific dilemmas (certain situations evoke care and others evoke justice) correlate more strongly than gender with whether a person's moral judgments emphasize relationships or absolutes.

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Stereotype threat is the fear that one's appearance or behavior will be misused to confirm another person's oversimplified, prejudiced attitude. In other words, the worry that others will view you poorly, which can create a self-fulfilling prophecy. Hundreds of studies have confirmed that stereotype threat arouses emotions that can disrupt cognition and emotional regulation: Women underperform in math, older people act more forgetful, bilingual students stumble with English, and every member of a stigmatized minority in every nation performs less well.
There are three ways in which stereotype threat might affect women's participation in technological fields. Some women might be afraid to pursue fields associated with technology-an area sometimes thought to be a weakness for women-because 1) they believe that they will do poorly and their performance will be proof of the stereotype. 2) Women may actually believe the stereotype that they are technologically inept, and/or 3) may tell themselves that technological abilities are unimportant and, as a result, devalue these skills.

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Adult and adolescent thinking differ in multiple ways. Adult thinking is more 1) flexible, 2) practical, 3) creative, and 4) dialectical (which means more capable of combining contradictory elements into a comprehensive whole). This means that adults are 5) less likely to take unreasonable risks, and they are 6) more likely to make decisions based more on facts than on feelings.