Question 1

What is true of macroevolution?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is the same as microevolution, but includes the origin of new species. 
B)  It is evolution above the species level. 
C)  It is defined as the evolution of microscopic organisms into organisms that can be seen with the naked eye. 
D)  It is defined as a change in allele or gene frequency over the course of many generations. 
E)  It is the conceptual link between irritability and adaptation. 
A)  It is the same as microevolution, but includes the origin of new species. 
B)  It is evolution above the species level. 
C)  It is defined as the evolution of microscopic organisms into organisms that can be seen with the naked eye. 
D)  It is defined as a change in allele or gene frequency over the course of many generations. 
E)  It is the conceptual link between irritability and adaptation.

Question 2

The difference between geographic isolation and habitat differentiation is the

Accepted Answer

A)  relative locations of two populations as speciation occurs. 
B)  speed (tempo) at which two populations undergo speciation. 
C)  amount of genetic variation that occurs among two gene pools as speciation occurs. 
D)  identity of the phylogenetic kingdom or domain in which these phenomena occur. 
E)  the ploidy of the two populations as speciation occurs. 
A)  relative locations of two populations as speciation occurs. 
B)  speed (tempo) at which two populations undergo speciation. 
C)  amount of genetic variation that occurs among two gene pools as speciation occurs. 
D)  identity of the phylogenetic kingdom or domain in which these phenomena occur. 
E)  the ploidy of the two populations as speciation occurs.

Question 3

The next few questions refer to the following evolutionary tree, whose horizontal axis represents time (present time is on the far right) and whose vertical axis represents morphological change.
  
-Which conclusion can be drawn from this evolutionary tree?

Accepted Answer

A)  Gradualistic speciation and speciation involving punctuated equilibrium are mutually exclusive concepts; only one of them can occur. 
B)  Eldredge and Gould would deny that the lineages labeled X, Y, and Z could represent true species. 
C)  Assuming that the tip of each line represents a species, there are five extant (i.e., not extinct) species resulting from the earliest common ancestor. 
D)  A single clade (i.e., a group of species that share a common ancestor) can exhibit both gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. 
E)  V and W shared a common ancestor more recently than any of the other species. 
A)  Gradualistic speciation and speciation involving punctuated equilibrium are mutually exclusive concepts; only one of them can occur. 
B)  Eldredge and Gould would deny that the lineages labeled X, Y, and Z could represent true species. 
C)  Assuming that the tip of each line represents a species, there are five extant (i.e., not extinct) species resulting from the earliest common ancestor. 
D)  A single clade (i.e., a group of species that share a common ancestor) can exhibit both gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. 
E)  V and W shared a common ancestor more recently than any of the other species.

Question 4

The origin of a new plant species by hybridization, coupled with accidents during nuclear division, is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  allopatric speciation. 
B)  sympatric speciation. 
C)  autopolyploidy. 
D)  habitat selection. 
A)  allopatric speciation. 
B)  sympatric speciation. 
C)  autopolyploidy. 
D)  habitat selection.

Question 5

Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris)and gray wolves (Canis lupus)can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring. These species shared a common ancestor recently (in geologic time)and have a high degree of genetic similarity, although their anatomies vary widely. Judging from this evidence, which two species concepts are most likely to place dogs and wolves together into a single species?

Accepted Answer

A)  ecological and morphological 
B)  ecological and phylogenetic 
C)  morphological and phylogenetic 
D)  biological and morphological 
E)  biological and phylogenetic 
A)  ecological and morphological 
B)  ecological and phylogenetic 
C)  morphological and phylogenetic 
D)  biological and morphological 
E)  biological and phylogenetic

Question 6

Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?

Accepted Answer

A)  the postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability 
B)  the postzygotic barrier called hybrid breakdown 
C)  the prezygotic barrier called hybrid sterility 
D)  gametic isolation 
A)  the postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability 
B)  the postzygotic barrier called hybrid breakdown 
C)  the prezygotic barrier called hybrid sterility 
D)  gametic isolation

Question 7

The next few questions refer to the following description.
In the ocean, on either side of the Isthmus of Panama, are 30 species of snapping shrimp; some are shallow-water species, others are adapted to deep water. There are 15 species on the Pacific side and 15 different species on the Atlantic side. The Isthmus of Panama started rising about 10 million years ago. The oceans were completely separated by the isthmus about 3 million years ago.
-Why should deepwater shrimp on different sides of the isthmus have diverged from each other earlier than shallow-water shrimp?

Accepted Answer

A)  They have been geographically isolated from each other for a longer time. 
B)  Cold temperatures, associated with deep water, have accelerated the mutation rate, resulting in faster divergence in deepwater shrimp. 
C)  The rise of the land bridge was accompanied by much volcanic activity. Volcanic ash contains heavy metals, which are known mutagens. Ash fall caused high levels of heavy metals in the ocean sediments underlying the deep water, resulting in accelerated mutation rates and faster divergence in deepwater shrimp. 
D)  Fresh water entering the ocean from the canal is both less dense and cloudier than seawater. The cloudy fresh water interferes with the ability of shallow-water shrimp to locate mating partners, which reduces the frequency of mating, thereby slowing the introduction of genetic variation. 
A)  They have been geographically isolated from each other for a longer time. 
B)  Cold temperatures, associated with deep water, have accelerated the mutation rate, resulting in faster divergence in deepwater shrimp. 
C)  The rise of the land bridge was accompanied by much volcanic activity. Volcanic ash contains heavy metals, which are known mutagens. Ash fall caused high levels of heavy metals in the ocean sediments underlying the deep water, resulting in accelerated mutation rates and faster divergence in deepwater shrimp. 
D)  Fresh water entering the ocean from the canal is both less dense and cloudier than seawater. The cloudy fresh water interferes with the ability of shallow-water shrimp to locate mating partners, which reduces the frequency of mating, thereby slowing the introduction of genetic variation.

Question 8

Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum)and one-seeded juniper (J. monosperma)have overlapping ranges. If pollen grains (which contain sperm cells)from one species are unable to germinate and make pollen tubes on female ovules (which contain egg cells)of the other species, then which of these terms is applicable?

Accepted Answer

A)  behavioral isolation 
B)  mechanical isolation 
C)  hybrid breakdown 
D)  reduced hybrid viability 
A)  behavioral isolation 
B)  mechanical isolation 
C)  hybrid breakdown 
D)  reduced hybrid viability

Question 9

The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is a

Accepted Answer

A)  population. 
B)  species. 
C)  genus. 
D)  hybrid. 
E)  phylum. 
A)  population. 
B)  species. 
C)  genus. 
D)  hybrid. 
E)  phylum.

Question 10

Speciation

Accepted Answer

A)  occurs at such a slow pace that no one has ever observed the emergence of new species. 
B)  occurs only by the accumulation of genetic change over vast expanses of time. 
C)  must begin with the geographic isolation of a small, frontier population. 
D)  and microevolution are synonymous. 
E)  can involve changes to a single gene. 
A)  occurs at such a slow pace that no one has ever observed the emergence of new species. 
B)  occurs only by the accumulation of genetic change over vast expanses of time. 
C)  must begin with the geographic isolation of a small, frontier population. 
D)  and microevolution are synonymous. 
E)  can involve changes to a single gene.

Question 11

If one builds a canal linking a predator-rich pond to a predator-poor pond, then what type(s)of selection should subsequently be most expected among the mosquitofish in the original predator-rich pond, and what type(s)should be most expected among the mosquitofish in the formerly predator-poor pond?

Accepted Answer

A)  stabilizing selection; directional selection 
B)  stabilizing selection; stabilizing selection 
C)  less-intense directional selection; more-intense directional selection 
D)  less-intense disruptive selection; more-intense disruptive selection 
A)  stabilizing selection; directional selection 
B)  stabilizing selection; stabilizing selection 
C)  less-intense directional selection; more-intense directional selection 
D)  less-intense disruptive selection; more-intense disruptive selection

Question 12

Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophila that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent?

Accepted Answer

A)  habitat isolation 
B)  temporal isolation 
C)  behavioral isolation 
D)  gametic isolation 
E)  postzygotic barriers 
A)  habitat isolation 
B)  temporal isolation 
C)  behavioral isolation 
D)  gametic isolation 
E)  postzygotic barriers

Question 13

The next few questions refer to the following description.
On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands, and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago.
-Which of these evolutionary trees represents the situation described in the previous paragraph (Note: Yakuba (I)represents the island population, and yakuba (M)represents the mainland population)?

Accepted Answer

A)    
B)    
C)    
D)    
A)    
B)    
C)    
D)

Question 14

According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium,

Accepted Answer

A)  natural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution. 
B)  given enough time, most existing species will branch gradually into new species. 
C)  a new species accumulates most of its unique features as it comes into existence. 
D)  evolution of new species features long periods during which changes are occurring, interspersed with short periods of equilibrium, or stasis. 
E)  transitional fossils, intermediate between newer species and their parent species, should be abundant. 
A)  natural selection is unimportant as a mechanism of evolution. 
B)  given enough time, most existing species will branch gradually into new species. 
C)  a new species accumulates most of its unique features as it comes into existence. 
D)  evolution of new species features long periods during which changes are occurring, interspersed with short periods of equilibrium, or stasis. 
E)  transitional fossils, intermediate between newer species and their parent species, should be abundant.

Question 15

Rank the following from most general to most specific:
1)gametic isolation
2)reproductive isolating mechanism
3)pollen-stigma incompatibility
4)prezygotic isolating mechanism

Accepted Answer

A)  2, 3, 1, 4 
B)  2, 4, 1, 3 
C)  4, 1, 2, 3 
D)  4, 2, 1, 3 
E)  2, 1, 4, 3 
A)  2, 3, 1, 4 
B)  2, 4, 1, 3 
C)  4, 1, 2, 3 
D)  4, 2, 1, 3 
E)  2, 1, 4, 3

Question 16

Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be

Accepted Answer

A)  12. 
B)  14. 
C)  16. 
D)  28. 
E)  56. 
A)  12. 
B)  14. 
C)  16. 
D)  28. 
E)  56.

Question 17

According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that

Accepted Answer

A)  the species is now extinct. 
B)  speciation occurred instantaneously. 
C)  speciation occurred in one generation. 
D)  speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time. 
E)  the species will consequently have a relatively short existence, compared with other species. 
A)  the species is now extinct. 
B)  speciation occurred instantaneously. 
C)  speciation occurred in one generation. 
D)  speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time. 
E)  the species will consequently have a relatively short existence, compared with other species.

Question 18

The next few questions refer to the following description.
On the Bahamian island of Andros, mosquitofish populations live in various, now-isolated, freshwater ponds that were once united. Currently, some predator-rich ponds have mosquitofish that can swim in short, fast bursts; other predator-poor ponds have mosquitofish that can swim continuously for a long time. When placed together in the same body of water, the two kinds of female mosquitofish exhibit exclusive breeding preferences.
-Which type of reproductive isolation operates to keep the mosquitofish isolated, even when fish from different ponds are reunited in the same body of water?

Accepted Answer

A)  behavioral isolation 
B)  habitat isolation 
C)  temporal isolation 
D)  mechanical isolation 
E)  gametic isolation 
A)  behavioral isolation 
B)  habitat isolation 
C)  temporal isolation 
D)  mechanical isolation 
E)  gametic isolation

Question 19

Suppose that a group of male pied flycatchers migrated from a region where there were no collared flycatchers to a region where both species were present. Assuming events like this are very rare, which of the following scenarios is least likely?

Accepted Answer

A)  The frequency of hybrid offspring would increase. 
B)  Migrant pied males would produce fewer offspring than would resident pied males. 
C)  Pied females would rarely mate with collared males. 
D)  Migrant males would mate with collared females more often than with pied females. 
E)  The frequency of hybrid offspring would decrease. 
A)  The frequency of hybrid offspring would increase. 
B)  Migrant pied males would produce fewer offspring than would resident pied males. 
C)  Pied females would rarely mate with collared males. 
D)  Migrant males would mate with collared females more often than with pied females. 
E)  The frequency of hybrid offspring would decrease.

Question 20

The next few questions refer to the following description.
On the volcanic, equatorial West African island of Sao Tomé, two species of fruit fly exist. Drosophila yakuba inhabits the island's lowlands, and is also found on the African mainland, located about 200 miles away. At higher elevations, and only on Sao Tomé, is found the very closely related Drosophila santomea. The two species can hybridize, though male hybrids are sterile. A hybrid zone exists at middle elevations, though hybrids there are greatly outnumbered by D. santomea. Studies of the two species' nuclear genomes reveal that D. yakuba on the island is more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than to D. santomea (2n = 4 in both species). Sao Tomé rose from the Atlantic Ocean about 14 million years ago.
-The observation that island D. yakuba are more closely related to mainland D. yakuba than island D. yakuba are to D. santomea is best explained by proposing that D. santomea

Accepted Answer

A)  descended from a now-extinct, non-African fruit fly. 
B)  arrived on the island before D. yakuba. 
C)  descended from a single colony of D. yakuba, which had been introduced from elsewhere, with no subsequent colonization events. 
D)  descended from an original colony of D. yakuba, of which there are no surviving members. The current island D. yakuba represent a second colonization event from elsewhere. 
A)  descended from a now-extinct, non-African fruit fly. 
B)  arrived on the island before D. yakuba. 
C)  descended from a single colony of D. yakuba, which had been introduced from elsewhere, with no subsequent colonization events. 
D)  descended from an original colony of D. yakuba, of which there are no surviving members. The current island D. yakuba represent a second colonization event from elsewhere.

Exam 24: The Origin of Species

What is true of macroevolution?

The difference between geographic isolation and habitat differentiation is the

The next few questions refer to the following evolutionary tree, whose horizontal axis represents time (present time is on the far right) and whose vertical axis represents morphological change. -Which conclusion can be drawn from this evolutionary tree?

The origin of a new plant species by hybridization, coupled with accidents during nuclear division, is an example of

Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?

The largest unit within which gene flow can readily occur is a

Speciation

According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium,

Rank the following from most general to most specific: 1)gametic isolation 2)reproductive isolating mechanism 3)pollen-stigma incompatibility 4)prezygotic isolating mechanism

Plant species A has a diploid number of 12. Plant species B has a diploid number of 16. A new species, C, arises as an allopolyploid from A and B. The diploid number for species C would probably be

According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that

Suppose that a group of male pied flycatchers migrated from a region where there were no collared flycatchers to a region where both species were present. Assuming events like this are very rare, which of the following scenarios is least likely?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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