Exam 48: Regulating the Internal Environment: Osmoregulation, Excretion, and Thermoregulation

Mammals may ____ as a response to cold in order to limit the amount of heat lost to the surroundings.

The main form of nitrogenous wastes released by birds to their environment is ____.

True kidneys have tubules called ____.

The adrenal cortex produces ____ to trigger increased Na⁺reabsorption in the kidneys.

In humans, an increase of body temperature a few degrees above normal for a prolonged period produces a state called ____.

As temperature decreases, the metabolic rate of an endotherm typically ____, and the metabolic rate of an ectotherm typically ____.

Physiological changes that occur in ectotherms in response to seasonal temperature shifts are called ____.

The temperature range that provides good organismal performance is the same from one species to another.

The ____ of the mammalian nephron receives the filtrate first.

The typical osmolarity of most body fluids in humans and other mammals is about ____ mOsm/L.

Molecules and ions reabsorbed from the nephron reenter the blood at the ____.

The ____ in mammals allows water to exit but does not allow ions or urea to exit.

Organisms that obtain heat primarily from internal physiological sources are called ____.

As filtrate moves through the ____ in mammals, it generally undergoes a dramatic decrease in osmolarity.

Produced in the posterior pituitary, ____ increases water absorption in the kidneys.

Elevated blood pressure stimulates specialized cells in the heart to release antidiuretic hormone , a peptide hormone that inhibits renin release.

Compared to uric acid, producing urea as the main form of nitrogenous waste requires ____.

Which animals are typically osmoconformers?

Organisms that obtain heat primarily from the external environment are called ____.

All animals gain or lose heat by a combination of four general mechanisms.