Question 1

A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for hyperkalemia?

Accepted Answer

A) Hyperparathyroidism 
B) Vomiting 
C) Renal failure 
D) Hyperaldosteronism 
A) Hyperparathyroidism 
B) Vomiting 
C) Renal failure 
D) Hyperaldosteronism

Question 2

A third of the body's fluid is contained in the extracellular interstitial fluid spaces that include what? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Urine 
B) Intraocular fluids 
C) Lymph 
D) Blood plasma 
E) Sweat 
A) Urine 
B) Intraocular fluids 
C) Lymph 
D) Blood plasma 
E) Sweat

Question 3

Where is two thirds of the body's water found?

Accepted Answer

A) Interstitial fluid spaces 
B) Vascular system 
C) Intracellular fluid compartments 
D) Intraocular fluids 
A) Interstitial fluid spaces 
B) Vascular system 
C) Intracellular fluid compartments 
D) Intraocular fluids

Question 4

A patient's blood gases reveal the following findings: pH 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO₃) 27 mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO₂) 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?

Accepted Answer

A) Respiratory alkalosis 
B) Metabolic acidosis 
C) Respiratory acidosis 
D) Metabolic alkalosis 
A) Respiratory alkalosis 
B) Metabolic acidosis 
C) Respiratory acidosis 
D) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 5

Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?

Accepted Answer

A) Angiotensin I 
B) Angiotensin II 
C) Aldosterone 
D) Renin 
A) Angiotensin I 
B) Angiotensin II 
C) Aldosterone 
D) Renin

Question 6

In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells' resting membrane potential?

Accepted Answer

A) Hypopolarization 
B) Hyperexcitability 
C) Depolarization 
D) Repolarization 
A) Hypopolarization 
B) Hyperexcitability 
C) Depolarization 
D) Repolarization

Question 7

Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO₃) and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) exist in what ratio?

Accepted Answer

A) 20:1 
B) 1:20 
C) 10:2 
D) 10:5 
A) 20:1 
B) 1:20 
C) 10:2 
D) 10:5

Question 8

Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration in people?

Accepted Answer

A) Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling. 
B) The metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults. 
C) The rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than in lean adults. 
D) The thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively. 
A) Adipose cells contain little water because fat is water repelling. 
B) The metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than the rate of lean adults. 
C) The rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than in lean adults. 
D) The thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively.

Question 9

What does vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis cause?

Accepted Answer

A) Retained sodium to bind with the chloride 
B) Hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium 
C) Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance 
D) Hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis 
A) Retained sodium to bind with the chloride 
B) Hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium 
C) Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance 
D) Hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis

Question 10

How are secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst stimulated?

Accepted Answer

A) Decrease in serum sodium 
B) Increase in plasma osmolality 
C) Increase in glomerular filtration rate 
D) Decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation 
A) Decrease in serum sodium 
B) Increase in plasma osmolality 
C) Increase in glomerular filtration rate 
D) Decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation

Question 11

A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient's facial nerve leads to lip twitching. What electrolyte value is correlated with this finding?

Accepted Answer

A) K⁺: 2.8 mEq/L 
B) K⁺: 5.4 mEq/L 
C) Ca⁺⁺: 8.2 mg/dL 
D) Ca⁺⁺: 12.9 mg/dL 
A) K⁺: 2.8 mEq/L 
B) K⁺: 5.4 mEq/L 
C) Ca⁺⁺: 8.2 mg/dL 
D) Ca⁺⁺: 12.9 mg/dL

Question 12

A patient has been diagnosed with hypercalcemia. Which manifestations does the healthcare professional assess for? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Diarrhea 
B) Calcium-based kidney stones 
C) ECG showing narrow T waves 
D) Lethargy 
E) Bradycardia 
A) Diarrhea 
B) Calcium-based kidney stones 
C) ECG showing narrow T waves 
D) Lethargy 
E) Bradycardia

Question 13

A student asks about natriuretic peptides. Which statement by the professor is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A) Decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion. 
B) Increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion. 
C) Increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion. 
D) Decrease heart rate and increase potassium excretion. 
A) Decrease blood pressure and increase sodium and water excretion. 
B) Increase blood pressure and decrease sodium and water excretion. 
C) Increase heart rate and decrease potassium excretion. 
D) Decrease heart rate and increase potassium excretion.

Question 14

Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of what?

Accepted Answer

A) Osmotic forces 
B) Plasma oncotic pressure 
C) Antidiuretic hormone 
D) Hydrostatic forces 
A) Osmotic forces 
B) Plasma oncotic pressure 
C) Antidiuretic hormone 
D) Hydrostatic forces

Question 15

The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Parathyroid hormone 
B) Vasopressin 
C) Thyroid hormone 
D) Calcitonin 
E) Vitamin D 
A) Parathyroid hormone 
B) Vasopressin 
C) Thyroid hormone 
D) Calcitonin 
E) Vitamin D

Question 16

In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?

Accepted Answer

A) Oncotic pressure 
B) Buffering 
C) Net filtration 
D) Hydrostatic pressure 
A) Oncotic pressure 
B) Buffering 
C) Net filtration 
D) Hydrostatic pressure

Question 17

What are the causes of hypocalcemia? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Repeated blood administration 
B) Pancreatitis 
C) Decreased reabsorption of calcium 
D) Hyperparathyroidism 
E) Kidney stones 
A) Repeated blood administration 
B) Pancreatitis 
C) Decreased reabsorption of calcium 
D) Hyperparathyroidism 
E) Kidney stones

Question 18

Which groups are at risk for fluid imbalance? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Women 
B) Infants 
C) Men 
D) Obese persons 
E) Older adults 
A) Women 
B) Infants 
C) Men 
D) Obese persons 
E) Older adults

Question 19

A patient's chart indicates Kussmaul respirations. The student asks the healthcare professional what this is caused by. What response by the professional is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A) Anxiety leads to Kussmaul respirations and is a cause of respiratory acidosis. 
B) A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis. 
C) Diabetic ketoacidosis is leading to metabolic acidosis. 
D) More oxygen is necessary to compensate for respiratory acidosis. 
A) Anxiety leads to Kussmaul respirations and is a cause of respiratory acidosis. 
B) A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis. 
C) Diabetic ketoacidosis is leading to metabolic acidosis. 
D) More oxygen is necessary to compensate for respiratory acidosis.

Question 20

A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between what?

Accepted Answer

A) Intracellular and extracellular Na⁺ 
B) Intracellular and extracellular K⁺ 
C) Intracellular Na⁺ and extracellular K⁺ 
D) Intracellular K⁺ and extracellular Na⁺ 
A) Intracellular and extracellular Na⁺ 
B) Intracellular and extracellular K⁺ 
C) Intracellular Na⁺ and extracellular K⁺ 
D) Intracellular K⁺ and extracellular Na⁺

Exam 3: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient should the professional assess for hyperkalemia?

A third of the body's fluid is contained in the extracellular interstitial fluid spaces that include what? (Select all that apply.)

Where is two thirds of the body's water found?

A patient's blood gases reveal the following findings: pH 7.3; bicarbonate (HCO₃) 27 mEq/L; carbon dioxide (CO₂) 58 mm Hg. What is the interpretation of these gases?

Which enzyme is secreted by the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney when circulating blood volume is reduced?

In hyperkalemia, what change occurs to the cells' resting membrane potential?

Physiologic pH is maintained at approximately 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO₃) and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) exist in what ratio?

Why does obesity create a greater risk for dehydration in people?

What does vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis cause?

How are secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst stimulated?

A healthcare provider notes that tapping the patient's facial nerve leads to lip twitching. What electrolyte value is correlated with this finding?

A patient has been diagnosed with hypercalcemia. Which manifestations does the healthcare professional assess for? (Select all that apply.)

A student asks about natriuretic peptides. Which statement by the professor is most accurate?

Water movement between the intracellular fluid (ICF) compartment and the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment is primarily a function of what?

The calcium and phosphate balance is influenced by which three substances? (Select all that apply.)

In addition to osmosis, what force is involved in the movement of water between the plasma and interstitial fluid spaces?

What are the causes of hypocalcemia? (Select all that apply.)

Which groups are at risk for fluid imbalance? (Select all that apply.)

A patient's chart indicates Kussmaul respirations. The student asks the healthcare professional what this is caused by. What response by the professional is most accurate?

A major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for the transmission of nerve impulses is the ratio between what?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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