Question 1

What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Intolerance to heat 
B) Restlessness 
C) Constipation 
D) Bradycardia 
E) Lethargy 
A) Intolerance to heat 
B) Restlessness 
C) Constipation 
D) Bradycardia 
E) Lethargy

Question 2

Why does giantism occur only in children and adolescents?

Accepted Answer

A) Their growth hormones are still diminished. 
B) Their epiphyseal plates have not yet closed. 
C) Their skeletal muscles are not yet fully developed. 
D) Their metabolic rates are higher than in adulthood. 
A) Their growth hormones are still diminished. 
B) Their epiphyseal plates have not yet closed. 
C) Their skeletal muscles are not yet fully developed. 
D) Their metabolic rates are higher than in adulthood.

Question 3

Hypoglycemia, followed by rebound hyperglycemia, is observed in those with what?

Accepted Answer

A) The Somogyi effect 
B) The dawn phenomenon 
C) Diabetic ketoacidosis 
D) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome 
A) The Somogyi effect 
B) The dawn phenomenon 
C) Diabetic ketoacidosis 
D) Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic syndrome

Question 4

A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient does the professional assess for neurogenic diabetes insipidus (DI)?

Accepted Answer

A) Anterior pituitary tumor 
B) Thalamus hypofunction 
C) Posterior pituitary trauma 
D) Renal tubule disease 
A) Anterior pituitary tumor 
B) Thalamus hypofunction 
C) Posterior pituitary trauma 
D) Renal tubule disease

Question 5

A healthcare professional advises a person with diabetes mellitus to have an annual eye exam. When the person asks why this is necessary, the professional states that retinopathy develops in patients with diabetes mellitus because of what reason?

Accepted Answer

A) Plaques of lipids develop in the retinal vessels. 
B) Pressure in the retinal vessels increase as a result of increased osmotic pressure. 
C) Ketones cause microaneurysms in the retinal vessels. 
D) Retinal ischemia and red blood cell aggregation occur. 
A) Plaques of lipids develop in the retinal vessels. 
B) Pressure in the retinal vessels increase as a result of increased osmotic pressure. 
C) Ketones cause microaneurysms in the retinal vessels. 
D) Retinal ischemia and red blood cell aggregation occur.

Question 6

Which patient would the healthcare professional assess for elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion?

Accepted Answer

A) Being treated for small cell carcinoma of the stomach 
B) Taking high dose acetaminophen (Tylenol) for arthritis 
C) Had a hip replacement operation 14 days ago 
D) Has long-standing kidney disease from diabetes 
A) Being treated for small cell carcinoma of the stomach 
B) Taking high dose acetaminophen (Tylenol) for arthritis 
C) Had a hip replacement operation 14 days ago 
D) Has long-standing kidney disease from diabetes

Question 7

Why does polyuria occur with diabetes mellitus?

Accepted Answer

A) Formation of ketones 
B) Chronic insulin resistance 
C) Elevation in serum glucose 
D) Increase in antidiuretic hormone 
A) Formation of ketones 
B) Chronic insulin resistance 
C) Elevation in serum glucose 
D) Increase in antidiuretic hormone

Question 8

When comparing the clinical manifestations of both diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS), which condition is associated with only DKA?

Accepted Answer

A) Fluid loss 
B) Weight loss 
C) Increased serum glucose 
D) Kussmaul respirations 
A) Fluid loss 
B) Weight loss 
C) Increased serum glucose 
D) Kussmaul respirations

Question 9

A patient had a thyroidectomy and now reports tingling around the mouth and has a positive Chvostek sign. What laboratory finding would be most helpful to the healthcare professional?

Accepted Answer

A) TSH and T4 
B) Serum sodium 
C) Serum calcium 
D) Urine osmolality 
A) TSH and T4 
B) Serum sodium 
C) Serum calcium 
D) Urine osmolality

Question 10

A chronic complication of diabetes mellitus is likely to result in microvascular complications in which areas? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Eyes 
B) Coronary arteries 
C) Renal system 
D) Peripheral vascular system 
E) Nerves 
A) Eyes 
B) Coronary arteries 
C) Renal system 
D) Peripheral vascular system 
E) Nerves

Question 11

A student asks the professor to differentiate Type 2 diabetes mellitus from Type 1. The professors' response would be that Type 2 is best described as what?

Accepted Answer

A) Resistance to insulin by insulin-sensitive tissues 
B) Need for lifelong insulin injections 
C) Increase of glucagon secretion from beta cells of the pancreas 
D) Presence of insulin autoantibodies that destroy beta cells in the pancreas 
A) Resistance to insulin by insulin-sensitive tissues 
B) Need for lifelong insulin injections 
C) Increase of glucagon secretion from beta cells of the pancreas 
D) Presence of insulin autoantibodies that destroy beta cells in the pancreas

Question 12

Which laboratory value is consistent with diabetes insipidus (DI)?

Accepted Answer

A) Low urine-specific gravity 
B) Low serum sodium 
C) Low urine protein 
D) High serum total protein 
A) Low urine-specific gravity 
B) Low serum sodium 
C) Low urine protein 
D) High serum total protein

Question 13

A person has acne, easy bruising, thin extremities, and truncal obesity. The healthcare professional assesses the person for which of these?

Accepted Answer

A) Previous thyroid surgery 
B) Urine osmolality 
C) Serum electrolytes 
D) Use of glucocorticoids 
A) Previous thyroid surgery 
B) Urine osmolality 
C) Serum electrolytes 
D) Use of glucocorticoids

Question 14

A patient has an enlarged tongue, body odor, rough skin, and coarse hair. Which laboratory result does the healthcare professional associate with this presentation?

Accepted Answer

A) Decreased blood glucose 
B) Increased growth hormone 
C) Decreased ACTH 
D) Increased TSH 
A) Decreased blood glucose 
B) Increased growth hormone 
C) Decreased ACTH 
D) Increased TSH

Question 15

A patient who is diagnosed with a closed head injury has a urine output of 6 to 8 L/day. Electrolytes are within normal limits, but the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) level is low. Although the patient has had no intake for 4 hours, no change in the polyuria level has occurred. What treatment or diagnostic testing does the healthcare professional prepare the patient for?

Accepted Answer

A) Administration of desmopressin 
B) Serum copeptin testing 
C) Insulin administration 
D) Renal angiogram 
A) Administration of desmopressin 
B) Serum copeptin testing 
C) Insulin administration 
D) Renal angiogram

Question 16

A patient is having a water deprivation test. The patient's initial weight was 220 pounds (100 kg). The next weight is 209 pounds (95 kg). What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?

Accepted Answer

A) Stop the water deprivation test. 
B) Administer salt tablets. 
C) Continue with the test as planned. 
D) Take the patient's blood glucose. 
A) Stop the water deprivation test. 
B) Administer salt tablets. 
C) Continue with the test as planned. 
D) Take the patient's blood glucose.

Question 17

The effects of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion include which solute?

Accepted Answer

A) Sodium and water retention 
B) Sodium retention and water loss 
C) Sodium dilution and water retention 
D) Sodium dilution and water loss 
A) Sodium and water retention 
B) Sodium retention and water loss 
C) Sodium dilution and water retention 
D) Sodium dilution and water loss

Question 18

A patient diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has the following laboratory values: arterial pH 7.20; serum glucose 500 mg/dL; positive urine glucose and ketones; serum potassium (K⁺) 2 mEq/L; serum sodium (Na⁺) 130 mEq/L. The patient reports that he has been sick with the "flu" for 1 week. What relationship do these values have to his insulin deficiency?

Accepted Answer

A) Increased glucose use causes the shift of fluid from the intravascular to the intracellular space. 
B) Decreased glucose use causes fatty acid use, ketogenesis, metabolic acidosis, and osmotic diuresis. 
C) Increased glucose and fatty acids stimulate renal diuresis, electrolyte loss, and metabolic alkalosis. 
D) Decreased glucose use results in protein catabolism, tissue wasting, respiratory acidosis, and electrolyte loss. 
A) Increased glucose use causes the shift of fluid from the intravascular to the intracellular space. 
B) Decreased glucose use causes fatty acid use, ketogenesis, metabolic acidosis, and osmotic diuresis. 
C) Increased glucose and fatty acids stimulate renal diuresis, electrolyte loss, and metabolic alkalosis. 
D) Decreased glucose use results in protein catabolism, tissue wasting, respiratory acidosis, and electrolyte loss.

Question 19

A patient has diabetes mellitus. A recent urinalysis showed increased amounts of protein. What therapy does the healthcare provider educate the patient that is specific to this disorder?

Accepted Answer

A) More frequent blood glucose monitoring 
B) Moderate dietary sodium restriction 
C) Treatment with an ACE inhibitor 
D) Home blood pressure monitoring 
A) More frequent blood glucose monitoring 
B) Moderate dietary sodium restriction 
C) Treatment with an ACE inhibitor 
D) Home blood pressure monitoring

Question 20

Which serum glucose level would indicate hypoglycemia in a newborn?

Accepted Answer

A) 28 mg/dL 
B) 40 mg/dL 
C) 60 mg/dL 
D) 80 mg/dL 
A) 28 mg/dL 
B) 40 mg/dL 
C) 60 mg/dL 
D) 80 mg/dL

Exam 22: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism? (Select all that apply.)

Why does giantism occur only in children and adolescents?

Hypoglycemia, followed by rebound hyperglycemia, is observed in those with what?

A healthcare professional is caring for four patients. Which patient does the professional assess for neurogenic diabetes insipidus (DI)?

A healthcare professional advises a person with diabetes mellitus to have an annual eye exam. When the person asks why this is necessary, the professional states that retinopathy develops in patients with diabetes mellitus because of what reason?

Which patient would the healthcare professional assess for elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion?

Why does polyuria occur with diabetes mellitus?

When comparing the clinical manifestations of both diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS), which condition is associated with only DKA?

A patient had a thyroidectomy and now reports tingling around the mouth and has a positive Chvostek sign. What laboratory finding would be most helpful to the healthcare professional?

A chronic complication of diabetes mellitus is likely to result in microvascular complications in which areas? (Select all that apply.)

A student asks the professor to differentiate Type 2 diabetes mellitus from Type 1. The professors' response would be that Type 2 is best described as what?

Which laboratory value is consistent with diabetes insipidus (DI)?

A person has acne, easy bruising, thin extremities, and truncal obesity. The healthcare professional assesses the person for which of these?

A patient has an enlarged tongue, body odor, rough skin, and coarse hair. Which laboratory result does the healthcare professional associate with this presentation?

A patient is having a water deprivation test. The patient's initial weight was 220 pounds (100 kg). The next weight is 209 pounds (95 kg). What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?

The effects of the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion include which solute?

A patient has diabetes mellitus. A recent urinalysis showed increased amounts of protein. What therapy does the healthcare provider educate the patient that is specific to this disorder?

Which serum glucose level would indicate hypoglycemia in a newborn?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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