Question 1

Bilirubin is a byproduct of the destruction of which aged cells?

Accepted Answer

A) Platelets 
B) Protein 
C) Leukocytes 
D) Erythrocytes 
A) Platelets 
B) Protein 
C) Leukocytes 
D) Erythrocytes

Question 2

What process is capable of increasing both intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressure, thereby facilitating defecation?

Accepted Answer

A) Relaxation of the internal anal sphincter 
B) Intestinal peristalsis 
C) Valsalva maneuver 
D) Ileogastric reflex 
A) Relaxation of the internal anal sphincter 
B) Intestinal peristalsis 
C) Valsalva maneuver 
D) Ileogastric reflex

Question 3

Which structure synthesizes clotting factors and the vitamin K necessary for hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

A) Colon 
B) Spleen 
C) Gallbladder 
D) Liver 
A) Colon 
B) Spleen 
C) Gallbladder 
D) Liver

Question 4

Which pancreatic enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates?

Accepted Answer

A) Trypsin 
B) Amylase 
C) Lipase 
D) Chymotrypsin 
A) Trypsin 
B) Amylase 
C) Lipase 
D) Chymotrypsin

Question 5

The student asks the professor why water and electrolytes are transported in both directions through tight junctions and intercellular spaces rather than across cell membranes. What response by the professor is best?

Accepted Answer

A) The intercellular hydrostatic pressure is inadequate to push the water and electrolytes across the cell membranes. 
B) A balance of cations and ions among the electrolytes on each side of the cell membranes cannot be maintained. 
C) The epithelial cell membranes are formed of lipids that are hydrophobic and therefore repel water. 
D) Receptors on those cell membranes are occupied with a diffusion of amino acids and monosaccharides. 
A) The intercellular hydrostatic pressure is inadequate to push the water and electrolytes across the cell membranes. 
B) A balance of cations and ions among the electrolytes on each side of the cell membranes cannot be maintained. 
C) The epithelial cell membranes are formed of lipids that are hydrophobic and therefore repel water. 
D) Receptors on those cell membranes are occupied with a diffusion of amino acids and monosaccharides.

Question 6

How many days does it take for the entire epithelial population of the small intestines to be replaced?

Accepted Answer

A) 30 to 45 
B) 15 to 25 
C) 7 to 15 
D) 4 to 7 
A) 30 to 45 
B) 15 to 25 
C) 7 to 15 
D) 4 to 7

Question 7

Which vitamin facilitates the absorption of iron by the epithelial cells of the duodenum and jejunum?

Accepted Answer

A) B6 
B) C 
C) E 
D) B12 
A) B6 
B) C 
C) E 
D) B12

Question 8

How are Kupffer cells best described?

Accepted Answer

A) Natural killer cells that produce interferon-gamma (IFN-g) 
B) Contractile and therefore capable of regulating the sinusoid blood flow 
C) Bactericidal and therefore central to innate immunity 
D) Able to metabolize estrogen, progesterone, and androgens 
A) Natural killer cells that produce interferon-gamma (IFN-g) 
B) Contractile and therefore capable of regulating the sinusoid blood flow 
C) Bactericidal and therefore central to innate immunity 
D) Able to metabolize estrogen, progesterone, and androgens

Question 9

Which hormones are involved in regulating gastric motility by lowering the threshold potential of muscle fibers? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Estrogen 
B) Secretin 
C) Somatostatin 
D) Gastrin 
E) Motilin 
A) Estrogen 
B) Secretin 
C) Somatostatin 
D) Gastrin 
E) Motilin

Question 10

A professor has been teaching a class on gastrointestinal function. Which statement by a student indicates the need for more education?

Accepted Answer

A) Within 30 min of eating, the gallbladder forces bile into the stomach. 
B) Cholinergic branches of the vagus nerve mediate gallbladder contraction. 
C) Cholecystokinin provides hormonal regulation of gallbladder contraction. 
D) The sphincter of Oddi controls the flow of bile from the gallbladder. 
A) Within 30 min of eating, the gallbladder forces bile into the stomach. 
B) Cholinergic branches of the vagus nerve mediate gallbladder contraction. 
C) Cholecystokinin provides hormonal regulation of gallbladder contraction. 
D) The sphincter of Oddi controls the flow of bile from the gallbladder.

Question 11

Which hormones are involved in the relaxation of the stomach's fundus during swallowing? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Progesterone 
B) Glucagon 
C) Motilin 
D) Gastrin 
E) Cholecystokinin 
A) Progesterone 
B) Glucagon 
C) Motilin 
D) Gastrin 
E) Cholecystokinin

Question 12

Food enters the stomach via which orifice or sphincter?

Accepted Answer

A) Cardiac 
B) Upper esophageal 
C) Gastric 
D) Fundal 
A) Cardiac 
B) Upper esophageal 
C) Gastric 
D) Fundal

Question 13

Glucose transport enhances the absorption of which electrolyte?

Accepted Answer

A) Sodium 
B) Phosphate 
C) Potassium 
D) Chloride 
A) Sodium 
B) Phosphate 
C) Potassium 
D) Chloride

Question 14

The process of conjugation of bilirubin in the liver is best described as which transformation?

Accepted Answer

A) Unconjugated (fat-soluble) bilirubin into urobilinogen 
B) Unconjugated (fat-soluble) bilirubin into conjugated (water-soluble) bilirubin 
C) Conjugated (water-soluble) bilirubin into unconjugated (fat-soluble) bilirubin 
D) Conjugated (water-soluble) bilirubin into urobilinogen 
A) Unconjugated (fat-soluble) bilirubin into urobilinogen 
B) Unconjugated (fat-soluble) bilirubin into conjugated (water-soluble) bilirubin 
C) Conjugated (water-soluble) bilirubin into unconjugated (fat-soluble) bilirubin 
D) Conjugated (water-soluble) bilirubin into urobilinogen

Question 15

Exposure to which substance protects the mucosal barrier of the stomach?

Accepted Answer

A) Prostaglandins 
B) Acetylcholine 
C) Helicobacter pylori 
D) Regurgitated bile 
A) Prostaglandins 
B) Acetylcholine 
C) Helicobacter pylori 
D) Regurgitated bile

Question 16

Which elements in saliva protect against tooth decay? (Select all that apply.)

Accepted Answer

A) Salivary a-amylase 
B) Ptyalin 
C) Mucin 
D) Exogenous fluoride 
E) A pH of 7.4 
A) Salivary a-amylase 
B) Ptyalin 
C) Mucin 
D) Exogenous fluoride 
E) A pH of 7.4

Exam 41: Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Bilirubin is a byproduct of the destruction of which aged cells?

What process is capable of increasing both intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressure, thereby facilitating defecation?

Which structure synthesizes clotting factors and the vitamin K necessary for hemostasis?

Which pancreatic enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates?

The student asks the professor why water and electrolytes are transported in both directions through tight junctions and intercellular spaces rather than across cell membranes. What response by the professor is best?

How many days does it take for the entire epithelial population of the small intestines to be replaced?

Which vitamin facilitates the absorption of iron by the epithelial cells of the duodenum and jejunum?

How are Kupffer cells best described?

Which hormones are involved in regulating gastric motility by lowering the threshold potential of muscle fibers? (Select all that apply.)

A professor has been teaching a class on gastrointestinal function. Which statement by a student indicates the need for more education?

Which hormones are involved in the relaxation of the stomach's fundus during swallowing? (Select all that apply.)

Food enters the stomach via which orifice or sphincter?

Glucose transport enhances the absorption of which electrolyte?

The process of conjugation of bilirubin in the liver is best described as which transformation?

Exposure to which substance protects the mucosal barrier of the stomach?

Which elements in saliva protect against tooth decay? (Select all that apply.)

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology: Environmental Agents

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment-Lifestyle, and Common Diseases

Epigenetics and Disease

Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Cancer Biology

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition

Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems

Alterations of the Female Reproductive System

Alterations of the Male Reproductive System

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocytes, Platelets, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Leukocyte and Lymphoid Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adults

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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