Question 1

Antigens are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  immunoglobulins 
B)  used by the immune system to neutralize foreign objects 
C)  foreign molecules that can initiate an immune response 
D)  produced by white blood cells 
A)  immunoglobulins 
B)  used by the immune system to neutralize foreign objects 
C)  foreign molecules that can initiate an immune response 
D)  produced by white blood cells

Question 2

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  antibodies 
B)  antigens 
C)  natural killer cells 
D)  double-stranded RNA 
E)  immunoglobulins 
A)  antibodies 
B)  antigens 
C)  natural killer cells 
D)  double-stranded RNA 
E)  immunoglobulins

Question 3

A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. What response is occurring?

Accepted Answer

A)  inflammatory response 
B)  lytic response 
C)  adaptive immune response 
D)  autoimmune response 
A)  inflammatory response 
B)  lytic response 
C)  adaptive immune response 
D)  autoimmune response

Question 4

Antibodies of the different classes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE differ from each other ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  in the way they are produced 
B)  in their heavy-chain structure 
C)  in the type of cell that produces them 
D)  by the antigenic determinants that they recognize 
A)  in the way they are produced 
B)  in their heavy-chain structure 
C)  in the type of cell that produces them 
D)  by the antigenic determinants that they recognize

Question 5

If you were developing artificial B-cell receptors (BCRs) based on the natural version and wanted to change the BCRs' ability to bind certain antigens, which region of the natural receptor would you alter?

Accepted Answer

A)  transmembrane domain 
B)  the V and J regions of the light-chain and heavy-chain components of the BCR immunoglobulin 
C)  the C region of the light-chain and heavy-chain components of the BCR immunoglobulin 
D)  the region projecting into the cytosol of the cell 
A)  transmembrane domain 
B)  the V and J regions of the light-chain and heavy-chain components of the BCR immunoglobulin 
C)  the C region of the light-chain and heavy-chain components of the BCR immunoglobulin 
D)  the region projecting into the cytosol of the cell

Question 6

A function of antibodies is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  inject toxins into living pathogens 
B)  secrete cytokines that attract macrophages to infection sites 
C)  release major histocompatibility proteins to disrupt infected cells 
D)  act as Toll-like receptors 
E)  mark pathogenic cells for destruction 
A)  inject toxins into living pathogens 
B)  secrete cytokines that attract macrophages to infection sites 
C)  release major histocompatibility proteins to disrupt infected cells 
D)  act as Toll-like receptors 
E)  mark pathogenic cells for destruction

Question 7

What causes rejection by the body's immune system after a transplant of an improperly matched organ?
I. nonself proteins in the tissue
II. the presence of foreign major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins on the donor tissue
III. antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) responding to foreign tissue

Accepted Answer

A)  only I and III 
B)  only II and III 
C)  only I and IIII 
D)  I, II, and III 
A)  only I and III 
B)  only II and III 
C)  only I and IIII 
D)  I, II, and III

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE of the allergic response?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sufferers produce the IgE class of immunoglobulins in response to allergens. 
B)  Upon the very first exposure to an allergen, an allergy sufferer will experience anaphylactic shock. 
C)  It is a normal, healthy, adaptive response to an allergen. 
D)  Allergies are most common in people also responding to infections of intestinal worms. 
A)  Sufferers produce the IgE class of immunoglobulins in response to allergens. 
B)  Upon the very first exposure to an allergen, an allergy sufferer will experience anaphylactic shock. 
C)  It is a normal, healthy, adaptive response to an allergen. 
D)  Allergies are most common in people also responding to infections of intestinal worms.

Question 9

The diagram shows a generalized cross section of the marine environment with various zones labeled with letters.  
-The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  phagocytes and lysozymes 
B)  macrophages and chemokines 
C)  dendritic cells and interferons 
D)  mast cells and histamines 
E)  lymphocytes and interferons 
A)  phagocytes and lysozymes 
B)  macrophages and chemokines 
C)  dendritic cells and interferons 
D)  mast cells and histamines 
E)  lymphocytes and interferons

Question 10

The activation of helper T cells is likely ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell 
B)  when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines 
C)  when natural killer cells come in contact with a tumor cell 
D)  in the bone marrow during the self-tolerance test 
E)  when B cells respond to T-independent antigens 
A)  when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell 
B)  when a cytotoxic T cell releases cytokines 
C)  when natural killer cells come in contact with a tumor cell 
D)  in the bone marrow during the self-tolerance test 
E)  when B cells respond to T-independent antigens

Question 11

An invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely includes ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  memory cells 
B)  lysozyme 
C)  allergens 
D)  neutrophils 
E)  dendritic cells 
A)  memory cells 
B)  lysozyme 
C)  allergens 
D)  neutrophils 
E)  dendritic cells

Question 12

Differences in the B-cell receptors of two different B cells are due to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  mutation in the genes of that B cell, induced by exposure to the antigen 
B)  the rearrangement of C-region genes in that clone of responsive B cells 
C)  a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response 
D)  a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells 
E)  the recombination of variable regions of the light-chain and heavy-chain genes 
A)  mutation in the genes of that B cell, induced by exposure to the antigen 
B)  the rearrangement of C-region genes in that clone of responsive B cells 
C)  a switch in the kind of antigen-presenting cell that is involved in the immune response 
D)  a patient's reaction to the first kind of antibody made by the plasma cells 
E)  the recombination of variable regions of the light-chain and heavy-chain genes

Question 13

Why might humans need yearly vaccination for influenza?

Accepted Answer

A)  There has been an increase in immunodeficiency diseases. 
B)  Influenza typically causes anaphylactic shock. 
C)  Memory B cells die out after one year. 
D)  Influenza virus undergoes rapid mutation that alters the surface proteins in the cells it infects. 
E)  Influenza initiates autoimmune disorders. 
A)  There has been an increase in immunodeficiency diseases. 
B)  Influenza typically causes anaphylactic shock. 
C)  Memory B cells die out after one year. 
D)  Influenza virus undergoes rapid mutation that alters the surface proteins in the cells it infects. 
E)  Influenza initiates autoimmune disorders.

Question 14

Adaptive immunity is based upon ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  traits common to groups of pathogens 
B)  antigen-specific recognition 
C)  maternal provision of antibodies to offspring 
D)  plants being exposed to new pathogens 
E)  having exhausted all options for innate immunity responses 
A)  traits common to groups of pathogens 
B)  antigen-specific recognition 
C)  maternal provision of antibodies to offspring 
D)  plants being exposed to new pathogens 
E)  having exhausted all options for innate immunity responses

Question 15

The number of major histocompatibility (MHC) protein isoforms possible in a given human population is enormous. However, each individual has a limited array of MHC molecules because ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways 
B)  MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II 
C)  each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual inherits only two for each gene 
D)  once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories 
E)  once a T cell has matured in the thymus, it can only respond to two MHC categories 
A)  the MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways 
B)  MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II 
C)  each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual inherits only two for each gene 
D)  once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories 
E)  once a T cell has matured in the thymus, it can only respond to two MHC categories

Question 16

The EBV antigen fragments will be presented by the virus-infected cells along with ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a complement 
B)  antibodies 
C)  class I MHC molecules 
D)  class II MHC molecules 
E)  dendritic cells 
A)  a complement 
B)  antibodies 
C)  class I MHC molecules 
D)  class II MHC molecules 
E)  dendritic cells

Question 17

A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  plasma cell 
B)  cytotoxic T cell 
C)  natural killer cell 
D)  CD8 cell 
E)  helper T cell 
A)  plasma cell 
B)  cytotoxic T cell 
C)  natural killer cell 
D)  CD8 cell 
E)  helper T cell

Question 18

Infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) typically ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  kills macrophages and CD4+ T cells 
B)  eliminates all T cells initially 
C)  leads to an immediate decrease in the number of HIV particles in the blood 
D)  alters mitochondrial but not genomic DNA sequences 
E)  attacks B cells but not T cells 
A)  kills macrophages and CD4+ T cells 
B)  eliminates all T cells initially 
C)  leads to an immediate decrease in the number of HIV particles in the blood 
D)  alters mitochondrial but not genomic DNA sequences 
E)  attacks B cells but not T cells

Question 19

The diagram shows a generalized cross section of the marine environment with various zones labeled with letters.  
-An inflammation-causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  an interferon 
B)  lymphatic fluid 
C)  histamine 
D)  mucus 
E)  sodium ions 
A)  an interferon 
B)  lymphatic fluid 
C)  histamine 
D)  mucus 
E)  sodium ions

Question 20

Clonal selection implies that ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  brothers and sisters have similar immune responses 
B)  specific lymphocytes divide mitotically when activated by an antigen 
C)  only certain cells can produce interferon 
D)  a B cell has multiple types of antigen receptors 
E)  the body selects which antigens it will respond to 
A)  brothers and sisters have similar immune responses 
B)  specific lymphocytes divide mitotically when activated by an antigen 
C)  only certain cells can produce interferon 
D)  a B cell has multiple types of antigen receptors 
E)  the body selects which antigens it will respond to

Exam 48: The Immune System in Animals

Antigens are ________.

The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to ________.

A boy falls while riding his bike. A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red, warm, and swollen. What response is occurring?

Antibodies of the different classes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE differ from each other ________.

If you were developing artificial B-cell receptors (BCRs) based on the natural version and wanted to change the BCRs' ability to bind certain antigens, which region of the natural receptor would you alter?

A function of antibodies is to ________.

Which of the following is TRUE of the allergic response?

The diagram shows a generalized cross section of the marine environment with various zones labeled with letters. -The cells and signaling molecules involved in the initial stages of the inflammatory response are ________.

The activation of helper T cells is likely ________.

An invertebrate, such as an insect, has innate immunity activity in its intestine that likely includes ________.

Differences in the B-cell receptors of two different B cells are due to ________.

Why might humans need yearly vaccination for influenza?

Adaptive immunity is based upon ________.

The number of major histocompatibility (MHC) protein isoforms possible in a given human population is enormous. However, each individual has a limited array of MHC molecules because ________.

The EBV antigen fragments will be presented by the virus-infected cells along with ________.

A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a ________.

Infection with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) typically ________.

The diagram shows a generalized cross section of the marine environment with various zones labeled with letters. -An inflammation-causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is ________.

Clonal selection implies that ________.

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes: an Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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