Question 1

The immune response that is rapid but generic is called ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  acquired immune response 
B)  adaptive immune response 
C)  individual immune response 
D)  innate immune response 
A)  acquired immune response 
B)  adaptive immune response 
C)  individual immune response 
D)  innate immune response

Question 2

An epitope is ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  part of the interferon molecule that penetrates foreign cells 
B)  a protein protruding from the surface of B cells 
C)  two structurally similar antibodies dissolved in the blood plasma 
D)  the part of an antigen that actually binds to an antibody, BCR or TCR 
E)  a mirror image of an antigen 
A)  part of the interferon molecule that penetrates foreign cells 
B)  a protein protruding from the surface of B cells 
C)  two structurally similar antibodies dissolved in the blood plasma 
D)  the part of an antigen that actually binds to an antibody, BCR or TCR 
E)  a mirror image of an antigen

Question 3

Which statement best describes the difference in responses of effector B cells (or plasma cells) and cytotoxic T cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Effector B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity. 
B)  Effector B cells kill pathogens directly; cytotoxic T cells kill host cells. 
C)  Effector B cells secrete antibodies that are specific for a certain pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells. 
D)  Effector B cells carry out the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response. 
E)  Effector B cells respond only the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times. 
A)  Effector B cells confer active immunity; cytotoxic T cells confer passive immunity. 
B)  Effector B cells kill pathogens directly; cytotoxic T cells kill host cells. 
C)  Effector B cells secrete antibodies that are specific for a certain pathogen; cytotoxic T cells kill pathogen-infected host cells. 
D)  Effector B cells carry out the cell-mediated response; cytotoxic T cells carry out the humoral response. 
E)  Effector B cells respond only the first time a pathogen is present; cytotoxic T cells respond subsequent times.

Question 4

Which of the following is a difference between B cells and T cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity. 
B)  One binds a receptor called BCR (B-cell receptor), while the other recognizes a receptor called TCR (T-cell receptor). 
C)  B cells are activated by free-floating antigens in the blood or lymph. T cells are activated by plasma cells. 
D)  T cells are produced in the thymus and B cells are produced in the bone marrow. 
A)  One has a major role in antibody production, while the other has a major role in cytotoxicity. 
B)  One binds a receptor called BCR (B-cell receptor), while the other recognizes a receptor called TCR (T-cell receptor). 
C)  B cells are activated by free-floating antigens in the blood or lymph. T cells are activated by plasma cells. 
D)  T cells are produced in the thymus and B cells are produced in the bone marrow.

Question 5

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs 
B)  body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface 
C)  self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released 
D)  complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released 
E)  cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis 
A)  B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs 
B)  body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface 
C)  self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released 
D)  complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released 
E)  cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis

Question 6

CD4 and CD8 are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  proteins secreted by antigen-presenting cells 
B)  receptors present on the surface of natural killer cells 
C)  T-independent antigens 
D)  molecules present on the surface of T cells where they interact with major histocompatibility (MH
C)  molecules 
E)  molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells where they enhance B-cell activity 
A)  proteins secreted by antigen-presenting cells 
B)  receptors present on the surface of natural killer cells 
C)  T-independent antigens 
D)  molecules present on the surface of T cells where they interact with major histocompatibility (MH
C)  molecules 
E)  molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells where they enhance B-cell activity

Question 7

The diagram shows a generalized cross section of the marine environment with various zones labeled with letters.  
-Innate immunity ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  is activated immediately upon infection 
B)  depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen 
C)  is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens 
D)  is found only in vertebrate animals 
E)  utilizes highly specific antigen receptors on B cells 
A)  is activated immediately upon infection 
B)  depends on an infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen 
C)  is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens 
D)  is found only in vertebrate animals 
E)  utilizes highly specific antigen receptors on B cells

Question 8

The diagram shows a generalized cross section of the marine environment with various zones labeled with letters.  
-Phagocytic cells of innate immunity of vertebrates include ________.
I. neutrophils
II. macrophages
III. platelets
IV. mast cells

Accepted Answer

A)  I and II 
B)  II and IV 
C)  I and IV 
D)  I, II, and III 
E)  I, II, III, and IV 
A)  I and II 
B)  II and IV 
C)  I and IV 
D)  I, II, and III 
E)  I, II, III, and IV

Question 9

If a patient is missing B and T cells, what would be absent from the immune response?

Accepted Answer

A)  memory 
B)  lysozymes 
C)  cytokines 
D)  defense against bacteria 
E)  the innate immune response 
A)  memory 
B)  lysozymes 
C)  cytokines 
D)  defense against bacteria 
E)  the innate immune response

Question 10

How does the immune system of vertebrates utilize a chemical concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

A)  The immune system produces thousands of histamines that act solely to create a histamine diffusion barrier. 
B)  The immune system generates a gradient of reactive oxygen intermediates to increase the amount of toxic radicals and peroxides to combat invading pathogens. 
C)  The immune system releases chemical signals called chemokines, which create a chemical gradient that leukocytes use in migrating toward the infection site. 
D)  The vertebrate immune system does not use chemical gradients. 
A)  The immune system produces thousands of histamines that act solely to create a histamine diffusion barrier. 
B)  The immune system generates a gradient of reactive oxygen intermediates to increase the amount of toxic radicals and peroxides to combat invading pathogens. 
C)  The immune system releases chemical signals called chemokines, which create a chemical gradient that leukocytes use in migrating toward the infection site. 
D)  The vertebrate immune system does not use chemical gradients.

Question 11

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  B cells produce IgE antibodies 
B)  B cells release cytokines 
C)  cytotoxic T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface 
D)  helper T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells 
E)  helper T cells release cytokines 
A)  B cells produce IgE antibodies 
B)  B cells release cytokines 
C)  cytotoxic T cells present the class II MHC molecule-antigen complex on their surface 
D)  helper T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells 
E)  helper T cells release cytokines

Question 12

Your sister-in-law never gets sick, while her male neighbor seems to be sick all the time. Although there are several possible explanations for this, one is that they are genetically different. Which of the following hypotheses concerning genetic inheritance of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is consistent with this observation and your understanding of the immune system?

Accepted Answer

A)  Individuals who are homozygous dominant for MHC genes are healthier than those who are homozygous recessive for MHC genes. 
B)  In the case of MHC, it is beneficial to have as many different alleles as possible, so individuals heterozygous for the multiple MHC genes are healthier than those who are mainly homozygous for MHC genes. 
C)  MHC proteins are often closely associated with small antigen particles that have been broken off the main pathogen, so individuals who are recessive for MHC don't normally have many illnesses because they don't produce these MHC-antigen complexes. 
D)  Some individuals undergo greater levels of somatic hypermutation for the MHC genes. 
A)  Individuals who are homozygous dominant for MHC genes are healthier than those who are homozygous recessive for MHC genes. 
B)  In the case of MHC, it is beneficial to have as many different alleles as possible, so individuals heterozygous for the multiple MHC genes are healthier than those who are mainly homozygous for MHC genes. 
C)  MHC proteins are often closely associated with small antigen particles that have been broken off the main pathogen, so individuals who are recessive for MHC don't normally have many illnesses because they don't produce these MHC-antigen complexes. 
D)  Some individuals undergo greater levels of somatic hypermutation for the MHC genes.

Question 13

Antigens are ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blood cells to clump 
B)  proteins embedded in B-cell membranes 
C)  proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains 
D)  foreign molecules that trigger an immune response 
E)  proteins released during an inflammatory response 
A)  proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blood cells to clump 
B)  proteins embedded in B-cell membranes 
C)  proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains 
D)  foreign molecules that trigger an immune response 
E)  proteins released during an inflammatory response

Question 14

Use the following information to answer the question(s) below.
An otherwise healthy student in your class is infected with EBV, the virus that causes infectious mononucleosis. The same student had already been infected when she was a child, at which time she had merely experienced a mild sore throat and swollen lymph nodes in her neck. This time, though infected, she does not get sick.
-Her immune system's recognition of the second infection involves memory ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  helper T cells 
B)  natural killer cells 
C)  plasma cells 
D)  cytotoxic T cells 
A)  helper T cells 
B)  natural killer cells 
C)  plasma cells 
D)  cytotoxic T cells

Question 15

Lymphocytes mature in the ________.
I. spleen
II. thymus
III. bone marrow

Accepted Answer

A)  only I and III 
B)  only I and II 
C)  only II and III 
D)  I, II, and III 
A)  only I and III 
B)  only I and II 
C)  only II and III 
D)  I, II, and III

Question 16

Which of the following cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and also respond to class I MHC molecule-antigen complexes?

Accepted Answer

A)  cytotoxic T cells 
B)  plasma cells 
C)  helper T cells 
D)  macrophages 
E)  B cells 
A)  cytotoxic T cells 
B)  plasma cells 
C)  helper T cells 
D)  macrophages 
E)  B cells

Question 17

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by ________.
I. the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes
II. antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes
III. the release of cytokines by activated B cells

Accepted Answer

A)  only I and II 
B)  only II and III 
C)  only I and III 
D)  I, II, and, III 
A)  only I and II 
B)  only II and III 
C)  only I and III 
D)  I, II, and, III

Question 18

Which of the following would help a virus avoid triggering an effective adaptive immune response?
I. having frequent mutations in genes for surface proteins
II. building the viral shell from host proteins
III. producing proteins very similar to those of other viruses
IV. infecting and killing helper T cells

Accepted Answer

A)  only I and III 
B)  only I, II, and IV 
C)  only II and IV 
D)  only I, II, and III 
E)  only II, III, and IV 
A)  only I and III 
B)  only I, II, and IV 
C)  only II and IV 
D)  only I, II, and III 
E)  only II, III, and IV

Question 19

Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the production of ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  large numbers of neutrophils 
B)  large quantities of the antigen initially recognized 
C)  vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors 
D)  erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen 
E)  plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen 
A)  large numbers of neutrophils 
B)  large quantities of the antigen initially recognized 
C)  vast numbers of B cells with random antigen-recognition receptors 
D)  erythrocytes that can later secrete antibodies for the antigen 
E)  plasma cells that secrete antibodies for the antigen

Question 20

Arrange in the correct sequence these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen.
I. Pathogen is destroyed.
II. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies.
III. Antigens from the pathogen bind to receptors on lymphocytes.
IV. Lymphocytes specific to antigens from the pathogen become numerous.
V. Only memory cells remain.

Accepted Answer

A)  I → III → II → IV → V 
B)  III → II → I → V → IV 
C)  II → I → IV → III → V 
D)  IV → II → III → I → V 
E)  III → IV → II → I → V 
A)  I → III → II → IV → V 
B)  III → II → I → V → IV 
C)  II → I → IV → III → V 
D)  IV → II → III → I → V 
E)  III → IV → II → I → V

Exam 48: The Immune System in Animals

The immune response that is rapid but generic is called ________.

An epitope is ________.

Which statement best describes the difference in responses of effector B cells (or plasma cells) and cytotoxic T cells?

Which of the following is a difference between B cells and T cells?

Select the pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells.

CD4 and CD8 are ________.

The diagram shows a generalized cross section of the marine environment with various zones labeled with letters. -Innate immunity ________.

The diagram shows a generalized cross section of the marine environment with various zones labeled with letters. -Phagocytic cells of innate immunity of vertebrates include ________. I. neutrophils II. macrophages III. platelets IV. mast cells

If a patient is missing B and T cells, what would be absent from the immune response?

How does the immune system of vertebrates utilize a chemical concentration gradient?

B cells interacting with helper T cells are stimulated to differentiate when ________.

Antigens are ________.

Lymphocytes mature in the ________. I. spleen II. thymus III. bone marrow

Which of the following cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity and also respond to class I MHC molecule-antigen complexes?

Phagocytosis of microbes by macrophages is enhanced by ________. I. the binding of antibodies to the surface of microbes II. antibody-mediated agglutination of microbes III. the release of cytokines by activated B cells

Clonal selection and differentiation of B cells activated by antigen exposure leads to the production of ________.

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Ecosystems and Global Ecology

Lipids, Membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Energy and Enzymes: an Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cellcell Interactions

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, Rna Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

The Molecular Revolution: Biotechnology and Beyond

Genes, Development, and Evolution

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, Signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction and Development

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Animal Nervous Systems

Animal Sensory Systems

Animal Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction and Development

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioral Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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