Question 1

Which of the following is true of cellulose?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a polymer composed of enantiomers of glucose. 
B)  It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells. 
C)  It is digestible by bacteria in the human gut. 
D)  It is a major structural component of plant cell walls. 
E)  It is a polymer composed of enantiomers of glucose, it is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells, it is digestible by bacteria in the human gut, and it is a major structural component of plant cell walls. 
A)  It is a polymer composed of enantiomers of glucose. 
B)  It is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells. 
C)  It is digestible by bacteria in the human gut. 
D)  It is a major structural component of plant cell walls. 
E)  It is a polymer composed of enantiomers of glucose, it is a storage polysaccharide for energy in plant cells, it is digestible by bacteria in the human gut, and it is a major structural component of plant cell walls.

Question 2

Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers. 
B)  Dehydration reactions eliminate water from lipid membranes, and hydrolysis makes lipid membranes water permeable. 
C)  Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis. 
D)  Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions break down polymers. 
E)  Dehydration reactions ionize water molecules and add hydroxyl groups to polymers; hydrolysis reactions release hydroxyl groups from polymers. 
A)  Dehydration reactions assemble polymers, and hydrolysis reactions break down polymers. 
B)  Dehydration reactions eliminate water from lipid membranes, and hydrolysis makes lipid membranes water permeable. 
C)  Dehydration reactions can occur only after hydrolysis. 
D)  Hydrolysis creates monomers, and dehydration reactions break down polymers. 
E)  Dehydration reactions ionize water molecules and add hydroxyl groups to polymers; hydrolysis reactions release hydroxyl groups from polymers.

Question 3

Refer to Figure 5.6 to answer the following questions.
   
Figure 5.6
-Which bond is closest to the amino terminus of the molecule?

Accepted Answer

A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E 
A)  A 
B)  B 
C)  C 
D)  D 
E)  E

Question 4

Use the following information to answer the questions below.
Approximately 32 different monomeric carbohydrate subunits are found in various natural polysaccharides. Proteins are composed of 20 different amino acids. DNA and RNA are each synthesized from four nucleotides.
-Which class of biological polymer has the greatest functional variety?

Accepted Answer

A)  polysaccharides 
B)  proteins 
C)  DNA 
D)  RNA 
A)  polysaccharides 
B)  proteins 
C)  DNA 
D)  RNA

Question 5

Changing a single amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids would

Accepted Answer

A)  alter the primary structure of the protein, but not its tertiary structure or function. 
B)  cause the tertiary structure of the protein to unfold. 
C)  always alter the biological activity or function of the protein. 
D)  always alter the primary structure of the protein and disrupt its biological activity. 
E)  always alter the primary structure of the protein, sometimes alter the tertiary structure of the protein, and affect its biological activity. 
A)  alter the primary structure of the protein, but not its tertiary structure or function. 
B)  cause the tertiary structure of the protein to unfold. 
C)  always alter the biological activity or function of the protein. 
D)  always alter the primary structure of the protein and disrupt its biological activity. 
E)  always alter the primary structure of the protein, sometimes alter the tertiary structure of the protein, and affect its biological activity.

Question 6

In animal metabolism, most of the monomers released by digestion of food macromolecules are metabolized to provide energy. Only a small portion of these monomers are used for synthesis of new macromolecules. The net result is that

Accepted Answer

A)  water is generated by animal metabolism. 
B)  water is consumed by animal metabolism. 
C)  the water consumed is exactly balanced by the water generated, to maintain homeostasis. 
D)  water is consumed during homeostasis, but water is generated during periods of growth. 
E)  water is generated during homeostasis, but water is consumed during periods of growth. 
A)  water is generated by animal metabolism. 
B)  water is consumed by animal metabolism. 
C)  the water consumed is exactly balanced by the water generated, to maintain homeostasis. 
D)  water is consumed during homeostasis, but water is generated during periods of growth. 
E)  water is generated during homeostasis, but water is consumed during periods of growth.

Question 7

Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA?

Accepted Answer

A)  5'-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-3' with 3'-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-5' 
B)  5'-AGCT-3' with 5'-TCGA-3' 
C)  5'-GCGC-3' with 5'-TATA-3' 
D)  5'-ATGC-3' with 5'-GCAT-3' 
E)  All of these pairs are correct. 
A)  5'-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-3' with 3'-purine-pyrimidine-purine-pyrimidine-5' 
B)  5'-AGCT-3' with 5'-TCGA-3' 
C)  5'-GCGC-3' with 5'-TATA-3' 
D)  5'-ATGC-3' with 5'-GCAT-3' 
E)  All of these pairs are correct.

Question 8

Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are essential components of cell membranes. 
B)  They are not soluble in water. 
C)  They are made of fatty acids. 
D)  They are hydrophilic compounds. 
E)  They contribute to atherosclerosis. 
A)  They are essential components of cell membranes. 
B)  They are not soluble in water. 
C)  They are made of fatty acids. 
D)  They are hydrophilic compounds. 
E)  They contribute to atherosclerosis.

Question 9

Humans and mice differ because

Accepted Answer

A)  their cells have different small organic molecules. 
B)  their cells make different types of large biological molecules. 
C)  their cells make different types of lipids. 
D)  their cells have some differences in the sequence of nucleotides in their nucleic acids. 
E)  their cells make different types of proteins. 
A)  their cells have different small organic molecules. 
B)  their cells make different types of large biological molecules. 
C)  their cells make different types of lipids. 
D)  their cells have some differences in the sequence of nucleotides in their nucleic acids. 
E)  their cells make different types of proteins.

Question 10

The following questions are based on the 15 molecules illustrated in Figure 5.8. Each molecule may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
   
Figure 5.8
-Which of the following molecules consists of a hydrophilic "head" region and a hydrophobic "tail" region?

Accepted Answer

A)  2 
B)  5 
C)  7 
D)  9 
E)  11 
A)  2 
B)  5 
C)  7 
D)  9 
E)  11

Question 11

All of the following are polysaccharides except

Accepted Answer

A)  lactose. 
B)  glycogen. 
C)  chitin. 
D)  cellulose. 
E)  amylopectin. 
A)  lactose. 
B)  glycogen. 
C)  chitin. 
D)  cellulose. 
E)  amylopectin.

Question 12

The label on a container of margarine lists "hydrogenated vegetable oil" as the major ingredient. What is the result of adding hydrogens to vegetable oil?

Accepted Answer

A)  The hydrogenated vegetable oil has a lower melting point. 
B)  The hydrogenated vegetable oil stays solid at room temperature. 
C)  The hydrogenated vegetable oil has more "kinks" in the fatty acid chains. 
D)  The hydrogenated vegetable oil has fewer trans fatty acids. 
E)  The hydrogenated vegetable oil is less likely to clog arteries. 
A)  The hydrogenated vegetable oil has a lower melting point. 
B)  The hydrogenated vegetable oil stays solid at room temperature. 
C)  The hydrogenated vegetable oil has more "kinks" in the fatty acid chains. 
D)  The hydrogenated vegetable oil has fewer trans fatty acids. 
E)  The hydrogenated vegetable oil is less likely to clog arteries.

Question 13

The difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA is that the sugar in DNA

Accepted Answer

A)  is a six-carbon sugar and the sugar in RNA is a five-carbon sugar. 
B)  can form a double-stranded molecule. 
C)  is an aldehyde sugar and the sugar in RNA is a keto sugar. 
D)  is in the α configuration and the sugar in RNA is in the β configuration. 
E)  contains one less oxygen atom. 
A)  is a six-carbon sugar and the sugar in RNA is a five-carbon sugar. 
B)  can form a double-stranded molecule. 
C)  is an aldehyde sugar and the sugar in RNA is a keto sugar. 
D)  is in the α configuration and the sugar in RNA is in the β configuration. 
E)  contains one less oxygen atom.

Question 14

The following questions are based on the 15 molecules illustrated in Figure 5.8. Each molecule may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
   
Figure 5.8
-Which of the following combinations could be linked together to form a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

A)  1, 2, and 11 
B)  3, 7, and 8 
C)  5, 9, and 10 
D)  11, 12, and 13 
E)  12, 14, and 15 
A)  1, 2, and 11 
B)  3, 7, and 8 
C)  5, 9, and 10 
D)  11, 12, and 13 
E)  12, 14, and 15

Question 15

What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?

Accepted Answer

A)  peptide bonds 
B)  hydrogen bonds between the amino group of one peptide bond and the carboxyl group of another peptide bond 
C)  disulfide bonds 
D)  hydrophobic interactions 
E)  hydrogen bonds between the R groups 
A)  peptide bonds 
B)  hydrogen bonds between the amino group of one peptide bond and the carboxyl group of another peptide bond 
C)  disulfide bonds 
D)  hydrophobic interactions 
E)  hydrogen bonds between the R groups

Question 16

If cells are grown in a medium containing radioactive ¹⁵N, which of these molecules will be labeled?

Accepted Answer

A)  fatty acids only 
B)  nucleic acids only 
C)  proteins only 
D)  amylase only 
E)  both proteins and nucleic acids 
A)  fatty acids only 
B)  nucleic acids only 
C)  proteins only 
D)  amylase only 
E)  both proteins and nucleic acids

Question 17

Molecules with which functional groups may form polymers via dehydration reactions?

Accepted Answer

A)  hydroxyl groups 
B)  carbonyl groups 
C)  carboxyl groups 
D)  either carbonyl or carboxyl groups 
E)  either hydroxyl or carboxyl groups 
A)  hydroxyl groups 
B)  carbonyl groups 
C)  carboxyl groups 
D)  either carbonyl or carboxyl groups 
E)  either hydroxyl or carboxyl groups

Question 18

What type of covalent bond between amino acid side chains (R groups)functions in maintaining a polypeptide's specific three-dimensional shape?

Accepted Answer

A)  ionic bond 
B)  hydrophobic interaction 
C)  van der Waals interaction 
D)  disulfide bond 
E)  hydrogen bond 
A)  ionic bond 
B)  hydrophobic interaction 
C)  van der Waals interaction 
D)  disulfide bond 
E)  hydrogen bond

Question 19

A new organism is discovered in the forests of Costa Rica. Scientists there determine that the polypeptide sequence of hemoglobin from the new organism has 72 amino acid differences from humans, 65 differences from a gibbon, 49 differences from a rat, and 5 differences from a frog. These data suggest that the new organism

Accepted Answer

A)  is more closely related to humans than to frogs. 
B)  is more closely related to frogs than to humans. 
C)  evolved at about the same time as frogs, which is much earlier than primates and mammals. 
D)  is more closely related to humans than to rats. 
E)  is more closely related to frogs than to humans and also evolved at about the same time as frogs, which is much earlier than primates and mammals. 
A)  is more closely related to humans than to frogs. 
B)  is more closely related to frogs than to humans. 
C)  evolved at about the same time as frogs, which is much earlier than primates and mammals. 
D)  is more closely related to humans than to rats. 
E)  is more closely related to frogs than to humans and also evolved at about the same time as frogs, which is much earlier than primates and mammals.

Question 20

The following questions are based on the 15 molecules illustrated in Figure 5.8. Each molecule may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
   
Figure 5.8
-Which molecule is glycerol?

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  6 
C)  10 
D)  14 
E)  15 
A)  1 
B)  6 
C)  10 
D)  14 
E)  15

Exam 5: The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

Which of the following is true of cellulose?

Which of the following best summarizes the relationship between dehydration reactions and hydrolysis?

Refer to Figure 5.6 to answer the following questions. Figure 5.6 -Which bond is closest to the amino terminus of the molecule?

Changing a single amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids would

In animal metabolism, most of the monomers released by digestion of food macromolecules are metabolized to provide energy. Only a small portion of these monomers are used for synthesis of new macromolecules. The net result is that

Which of the following pairs of base sequences could form a short stretch of a normal double helix of DNA?

Why are human sex hormones considered to be lipids?

Humans and mice differ because

The following questions are based on the 15 molecules illustrated in Figure 5.8. Each molecule may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Figure 5.8 -Which of the following molecules consists of a hydrophilic "head" region and a hydrophobic "tail" region?

All of the following are polysaccharides except

The label on a container of margarine lists "hydrogenated vegetable oil" as the major ingredient. What is the result of adding hydrogens to vegetable oil?

The difference between the sugar in DNA and the sugar in RNA is that the sugar in DNA

The following questions are based on the 15 molecules illustrated in Figure 5.8. Each molecule may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Figure 5.8 -Which of the following combinations could be linked together to form a nucleotide?

What maintains the secondary structure of a protein?

If cells are grown in a medium containing radioactive ¹⁵N, which of these molecules will be labeled?

Molecules with which functional groups may form polymers via dehydration reactions?

What type of covalent bond between amino acid side chains (R groups)functions in maintaining a polypeptide's specific three-dimensional shape?

The following questions are based on the 15 molecules illustrated in Figure 5.8. Each molecule may be used once, more than once, or not at all. Figure 5.8 -Which molecule is glycerol?

Introduction: Themes in the Study of Life

The Chemical Context of Life

Water and Life

Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life

A Tour of the Cell

Membrane Structure and Function

An Introduction to Metabolism

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

Cell Communication

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles

Mendel and the Gene Idea

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance

The Molecular Basis of Inheritance

From Gene to Protein

Regulation of Gene Expression

Viruses

Biotechnology

Genomes and Their Evolution

Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

The Evolution of Populations

The Origin of Species

The History of Life on Earth

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants

Fungi

An Overview of Animal Diversity

An Introduction to Invertebrates

The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates

Plant Structure, Growth, and Development

Resource Acquisition and Transport in Vascular Plants

Soil and Plant Nutrition

Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals

Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function

Animal Nutrition

Circulation and Gas Exchange

The Immune System

Osmoregulation and Excretion

Hormones and the Endocrine System

Animal Reproduction

Animal Development

Neurons, Synapses, and Signaling

Nervous Systems

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Animal Behavior

An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology

Conservation Biology and Global Change

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