Question 1

Lesions of the sacral segments S2-S4 or the cauda equina are associated with urinary retention.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

In glomerulonephritis, the glomerular cell walls are damaged by:

Accepted Answer

A) ischemia. 
B) lysosomal enzymes. 
C) compression from edema. 
D) lysis from complement. 
A) ischemia. 
B) lysosomal enzymes. 
C) compression from edema. 
D) lysis from complement. D

Question 3

Smoking is a risk factor for bladder and kidney cancers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  True

Question 4

Considering host defense mechanisms, which element in the urine is bacteriostatic, if any?

Accepted Answer

A) High pH (alkaline urine) 
B) High urea 
C) High glucose 
D) None of the above elements is bacteriostatic. 
A) High pH (alkaline urine) 
B) High urea 
C) High glucose 
D) None of the above elements is bacteriostatic.

Question 5

How does acute unilateral renal obstruction predispose people to hypertension?

Accepted Answer

A) The hydronephrosis that develops prevents any further blood from entering the kidneys, which results in an increase in the systemic blood volume. 
B) The reduced perfusion of the affected kidney activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which causes constriction of peripheral arterioles. 
C) The pain resulting from the renal obstruction stimulates the autonomic nervous system, causing vasoconstriction of peripheral arterioles. 
D) The renal obstruction prevents the usual loss of sodium through the urine, causing retention of sodium and water, which increases blood volume. 
A) The hydronephrosis that develops prevents any further blood from entering the kidneys, which results in an increase in the systemic blood volume. 
B) The reduced perfusion of the affected kidney activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, which causes constriction of peripheral arterioles. 
C) The pain resulting from the renal obstruction stimulates the autonomic nervous system, causing vasoconstriction of peripheral arterioles. 
D) The renal obstruction prevents the usual loss of sodium through the urine, causing retention of sodium and water, which increases blood volume.

Question 6

Renal colic is the principal symptom of renal stones.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism.
-Movement of organisms from the urethra into the bladder with infection and retrograde spread to the kidney

Accepted Answer

A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma 
A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma

Question 8

Complications of urinary obstruction include infection.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Anemia of chronic renal failure can be successfully treated with:

Accepted Answer

A) intrinsic factor. 
B) vitamin B12. 
C) Vitamin D 
D) erythropoietin. 
A) intrinsic factor. 
B) vitamin B12. 
C) Vitamin D 
D) erythropoietin.

Question 10

Bladder cancer is associated with gene mutation of:

Accepted Answer

A) c-erbB2. 
B) HER2. 
C) TP53. 
D) myc. 
A) c-erbB2. 
B) HER2. 
C) TP53. 
D) myc.

Question 11

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism.
-Dilation and relaxation of ureter with hydroureter and hydronephrosis

Accepted Answer

A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma 
A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma

Question 12

Which clinical manifestation of pyelonephritis is different from those of cystitis?

Accepted Answer

A) Difficulty starting the stream of urine 
B) Spasmodic pain that radiates to the groin 
C) Dysuria and frequency 
D) Flank pain 
A) Difficulty starting the stream of urine 
B) Spasmodic pain that radiates to the groin 
C) Dysuria and frequency 
D) Flank pain

Question 13

Which antibiotics are considered "major culprits" in causing nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?

Accepted Answer

A) Penicillin, methicillin, and ampicillin 
B) Vancomycin, bacitracin, and imipenem-cilastatin 
C) Neomycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin 
D) Cefazolin, ceftriaxone, and cefepime 
A) Penicillin, methicillin, and ampicillin 
B) Vancomycin, bacitracin, and imipenem-cilastatin 
C) Neomycin, gentamicin, and tobramycin 
D) Cefazolin, ceftriaxone, and cefepime

Question 14

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism.
-Chronic reflux of urine up the ureter and into the kidney during micturition contributing to bacterial infection

Accepted Answer

A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma 
A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma

Question 15

Clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection in an 85 year old may include:

Accepted Answer

A) confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort. 
B) dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain. 
C) hematuria and flank pain. 
D) pyuria, urgency, and frequency. 
A) confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort. 
B) dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain. 
C) hematuria and flank pain. 
D) pyuria, urgency, and frequency.

Question 16

Which statement is false about the usual causes of hypercalciuria? Hypercalciuria is usually attributable to:

Accepted Answer

A) hyperthyroidism. 
B) intestinal hyperabsorption of dietary calcium. 
C) bone demineralization caused by prolonged immobilization. 
D) hyperparathyroidism. 
A) hyperthyroidism. 
B) intestinal hyperabsorption of dietary calcium. 
C) bone demineralization caused by prolonged immobilization. 
D) hyperparathyroidism.

Question 17

Goodpasture syndrome is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A) antiglomerular basement membrane disease. 
B) acute glomerulonephritis. 
C) chronic glomerulonephritis. 
D) immunoglobulin A (Ig
A)  nephropathy. 
A) antiglomerular basement membrane disease. 
B) acute glomerulonephritis. 
C) chronic glomerulonephritis. 
D) immunoglobulin A (Ig
A)  nephropathy.

Question 18

Match the causes of acute renal failure with examples of specific disorders.
-Hypovolemia

Accepted Answer

A) Prerenal 
B) Intrarenal 
C) Postrenal 
A) Prerenal 
B) Intrarenal 
C) Postrenal

Question 19

A patient has hematuria with casts and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/day with albumin as the major protein.This data suggest the presence of which disorder?

Accepted Answer

A) Cystitis 
B) Chronic pyelonephritis 
C) Glomerulonephritis 
D) Nephrotic syndrome 
A) Cystitis 
B) Chronic pyelonephritis 
C) Glomerulonephritis 
D) Nephrotic syndrome

Question 20

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism.
-Obstruction and stasis of urine contributing to bacteremia and hydronephrosis; irritation of epithelial lining with entrapment of bacteria

Accepted Answer

A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma 
A) Kidney stones 
B) Vesicoureteral reflux 
C) Pregnancy 
D) Neurogenic bladder 
E) Female sexual trauma

Exam 36: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Lesions of the sacral segments S2-S4 or the cauda equina are associated with urinary retention.

In glomerulonephritis, the glomerular cell walls are damaged by:

Smoking is a risk factor for bladder and kidney cancers.

Considering host defense mechanisms, which element in the urine is bacteriostatic, if any?

How does acute unilateral renal obstruction predispose people to hypertension?

Renal colic is the principal symptom of renal stones.

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism. -Movement of organisms from the urethra into the bladder with infection and retrograde spread to the kidney

Complications of urinary obstruction include infection.

Anemia of chronic renal failure can be successfully treated with:

Bladder cancer is associated with gene mutation of:

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism. -Dilation and relaxation of ureter with hydroureter and hydronephrosis

Which clinical manifestation of pyelonephritis is different from those of cystitis?

Which antibiotics are considered "major culprits" in causing nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism. -Chronic reflux of urine up the ureter and into the kidney during micturition contributing to bacterial infection

Clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection in an 85 year old may include:

Which statement is false about the usual causes of hypercalciuria? Hypercalciuria is usually attributable to:

Goodpasture syndrome is an example of:

Match the causes of acute renal failure with examples of specific disorders. -Hypovolemia

A patient has hematuria with casts and proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/day with albumin as the major protein.This data suggest the presence of which disorder?

Match the predisposing factors causing pyelonephritis to the pathology mechanism. -Obstruction and stasis of urine contributing to bacteremia and hydronephrosis; irritation of epithelial lining with entrapment of bacteria

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive System

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adult

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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