Question 1

The smoky, brown-colored urine in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a result of the:

Accepted Answer

A) presence of red blood cells. 
B) presence of urobilinogen. 
C) slough from the collecting tubules. 
D) protein that is in the urine. 
A) presence of red blood cells. 
B) presence of urobilinogen. 
C) slough from the collecting tubules. 
D) protein that is in the urine. A

Question 2

On examination of a male child, it is determined that the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis.This condition is called:

Accepted Answer

A) hypospadias. 
B) epispadias. 
C) hyperspadias. 
D) chordee. 
A) hypospadias. 
B) epispadias. 
C) hyperspadias. 
D) chordee. A

Question 3

The adult takes in and excretes 2000 ml/day (representing approximately 5% of the total body fluid), whereas the infant takes in and excretes 700 ml/day (representing ____% of the total body fluid).

Accepted Answer

A) 10 
B) 90 
C) 190 
D) 290 
A) 10 
B) 90 
C) 190 
D) 290 D

Question 4

Which cells of the inflammatory process are NOT found in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)?

Accepted Answer

A) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) 
B) Immunoglobulin A (Ig
A)  
C) Complement C3 
D) Immunoglobulin E (Ig
E)  
A) Immunoglobulin G (IgG) 
B) Immunoglobulin A (Ig
A)  
C) Complement C3 
D) Immunoglobulin E (Ig
E)

Question 5

Which statement is false about why infants have a narrow chemical safety margin?

Accepted Answer

A) The immaturity of tubules may diminish the response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 
B) An immature tubular transport capacity impairs the excretion of potassium. 
C) An immature tubular transport capacity impairs the reabsorption of bicarbonate or buffer hydrogen with ammonia. 
D) The immaturity of tubules may diminish the response to aldosterone. 
A) The immaturity of tubules may diminish the response to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). 
B) An immature tubular transport capacity impairs the excretion of potassium. 
C) An immature tubular transport capacity impairs the reabsorption of bicarbonate or buffer hydrogen with ammonia. 
D) The immaturity of tubules may diminish the response to aldosterone.

Question 6

Unilateral renal agenesis is the total lack of one kidney and happens more often on the left side and in males.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions.
-The most common cause of hydronephrosis in neonates

Accepted Answer

A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease 
A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease

Question 8

Which statement is false about how hypospadias develops? Hypospadias results from:

Accepted Answer

A) a disruption in male hormones, including testosterone. 
B) a mutation of gene HP-1 (chromosome 16). 
C) 5a reductase mutations. 
D) hormones administered for in vitro fertilization. 
A) a disruption in male hormones, including testosterone. 
B) a mutation of gene HP-1 (chromosome 16). 
C) 5a reductase mutations. 
D) hormones administered for in vitro fertilization.

Question 9

Urine formation and excretion do not begin until the eighth month of gestation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

What initiates inflammation in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)?

Accepted Answer

A) Lysosomal enzymes 
B) Endotoxins from the streptococcus 
C) Immune complexes 
D) Immunoglobulin E (Ig
E)  mediated response 
A) Lysosomal enzymes 
B) Endotoxins from the streptococcus 
C) Immune complexes 
D) Immunoglobulin E (Ig
E)  mediated response

Question 11

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome frequently causes acute renal failure in young children.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

What is the mechanism for development of Wilms tumor?

Accepted Answer

A) It involves tumor-suppressor genes. 
B) It is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder. 
C) It is an autoimmune disorder. 
D) It is a congenital anomaly. 
A) It involves tumor-suppressor genes. 
B) It is an autosomal dominant inherited disorder. 
C) It is an autoimmune disorder. 
D) It is a congenital anomaly.

Question 13

Epispadias may only be found in males.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

The first indication of nephrotic syndrome in children is:

Accepted Answer

A) periorbital edema. 
B) scrotal or labial edema. 
C) frothy urine. 
D) ascites. 
A) periorbital edema. 
B) scrotal or labial edema. 
C) frothy urine. 
D) ascites.

Question 15

Vesicoureteral reflux occurs in children because:

Accepted Answer

A) they do not ask for help in urinating in a timely manner and urine is forced up into the ureters. 
B) the submucosal segment of the ureter is short, making the antireflux mechanism inefficient. 
C) the trigone lying between the opening to the ureters and the urethra is underdeveloped. 
D) as the bladder in infants and children fill, it pulls the smooth lining of the transitional epithelium away from the ureters so that the reflux valves are ineffective. 
A) they do not ask for help in urinating in a timely manner and urine is forced up into the ureters. 
B) the submucosal segment of the ureter is short, making the antireflux mechanism inefficient. 
C) the trigone lying between the opening to the ureters and the urethra is underdeveloped. 
D) as the bladder in infants and children fill, it pulls the smooth lining of the transitional epithelium away from the ureters so that the reflux valves are ineffective.

Question 16

Chordee is a congenital defect of the genitourinary tract that results in a ventral curvature of the penis.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

_____ is an anomaly often associated with Wilms tumor.

Accepted Answer

A) Renal anaplasia 
B) Aniridia 
C) Anemia 
D) Hypothyroidism 
A) Renal anaplasia 
B) Aniridia 
C) Anemia 
D) Hypothyroidism

Question 18

Urine formation and excretion begin at:

Accepted Answer

A) birth. 
B) the third month of gestation. 
C) the sixth month of gestation. 
D) the ninth month of gestation. 
A) birth. 
B) the third month of gestation. 
C) the sixth month of gestation. 
D) the ninth month of gestation.

Question 19

The excretion of urea is low in infants because they have:

Accepted Answer

A) medullary nephrons with comparatively shorter loops at this stage of development. 
B) immature tubular transport capacity, which impairs the excretion of urea. 
C) a high anabolic state and use their protein for growth. 
D) dilute urine due to the immaturity of their glomeruli. 
A) medullary nephrons with comparatively shorter loops at this stage of development. 
B) immature tubular transport capacity, which impairs the excretion of urea. 
C) a high anabolic state and use their protein for growth. 
D) dilute urine due to the immaturity of their glomeruli.

Question 20

Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions.
-IgA nephropathy causing inflammation to glomerular blood vessels

Accepted Answer

A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease 
A) Hemolytic-uremic syndrome 
B) Henoch-Schönlein purpura nephritis 
C) Renal dysplasia 
D) Ureteropelvic junction obstruction 
E) Polycystic kidney disease

Exam 37: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

The smoky, brown-colored urine in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a result of the:

On examination of a male child, it is determined that the urethral meatus is located on the undersurface of the penis.This condition is called:

The adult takes in and excretes 2000 ml/day (representing approximately 5% of the total body fluid), whereas the infant takes in and excretes 700 ml/day (representing ____% of the total body fluid).

Which cells of the inflammatory process are NOT found in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)?

Which statement is false about why infants have a narrow chemical safety margin?

Unilateral renal agenesis is the total lack of one kidney and happens more often on the left side and in males.

Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions. -The most common cause of hydronephrosis in neonates

Which statement is false about how hypospadias develops? Hypospadias results from:

Urine formation and excretion do not begin until the eighth month of gestation.

What initiates inflammation in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)?

Hemolytic-uremic syndrome frequently causes acute renal failure in young children.

What is the mechanism for development of Wilms tumor?

Epispadias may only be found in males.

The first indication of nephrotic syndrome in children is:

Vesicoureteral reflux occurs in children because:

Chordee is a congenital defect of the genitourinary tract that results in a ventral curvature of the penis.

_____ is an anomaly often associated with Wilms tumor.

Urine formation and excretion begin at:

The excretion of urea is low in infants because they have:

Match the kidney disorder with the corresponding descriptions. -IgA nephropathy causing inflammation to glomerular blood vessels

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive System

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adult

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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