Question 1

How does SIADH cause excess water?

Accepted Answer

A) The increase in antidiuretic hormone causes retention of sodium that retains excessive water in the renal tubules. 
B) The decrease in antidiuretic hormone increases serum glucose, which binds to water. 
C) The decrease in antidiuretic hormone prevents the renal tubules from reabsorbing water. 
D) The increase in antidiuretic hormone causes retention of water in the renal tubules. 
A) The increase in antidiuretic hormone causes retention of sodium that retains excessive water in the renal tubules. 
B) The decrease in antidiuretic hormone increases serum glucose, which binds to water. 
C) The decrease in antidiuretic hormone prevents the renal tubules from reabsorbing water. 
D) The increase in antidiuretic hormone causes retention of water in the renal tubules. D

Question 2

When thirst is experienced, how are osmoreceptors activated?

Accepted Answer

A) By an increase in the antidiuretic hormone secreted into the plasma 
B) By an increase in aldosterone secreted into the plasma 
C) By an increase in the hydrostatic pressure of the plasma 
D) By an increase in the osmotic pressure of the plasma 
A) By an increase in the antidiuretic hormone secreted into the plasma 
B) By an increase in aldosterone secreted into the plasma 
C) By an increase in the hydrostatic pressure of the plasma 
D) By an increase in the osmotic pressure of the plasma D

Question 3

Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by a(n):

Accepted Answer

A) decrease in serum sodium. 
B) increase in plasma osmolality. 
C) increase in glomerular filtration rate. 
D) decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation. 
A) decrease in serum sodium. 
B) increase in plasma osmolality. 
C) increase in glomerular filtration rate. 
D) decrease in osmoreceptor stimulation. B

Question 4

Why are infants susceptible to significant losses in total body water (TBW)?

Accepted Answer

A) Because more than half of an infant's body weight is water 
B) Because infants have a slow metabolic rate 
C) Because an infant's kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluids losses 
D) Because they are unable communicate adequately when they are thirsty 
A) Because more than half of an infant's body weight is water 
B) Because infants have a slow metabolic rate 
C) Because an infant's kidneys are not mature enough to counter fluids losses 
D) Because they are unable communicate adequately when they are thirsty

Question 5

Hypermagnesemia is usually caused by:

Accepted Answer

A) hepatitis. 
B) renal failure. 
C) trauma to the hypothalamus. 
D) pancreatitis. 
A) hepatitis. 
B) renal failure. 
C) trauma to the hypothalamus. 
D) pancreatitis.

Question 6

At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because the:

Accepted Answer

A) interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure. 
B) capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure. 
C) interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure. 
D) capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure. 
A) interstitial hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary hydrostatic pressure. 
B) capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than the capillary oncotic pressure. 
C) interstitial oncotic pressure is higher than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure. 
D) capillary oncotic pressure is lower than the interstitial hydrostatic pressure.

Question 7

Water movement between the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular compartment is primarily a function of:

Accepted Answer

A) osmotic forces. 
B) plasma oncotic pressure. 
C) antidiuretic hormone. 
D) hydrostatic forces. 
A) osmotic forces. 
B) plasma oncotic pressure. 
C) antidiuretic hormone. 
D) hydrostatic forces.

Question 8

What is the significance of deep, rapid breathing (Kussmaul respirations) in metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

A) It indicates that anxiety, with rapid breathing, is a cause of respiratory acidosis. 
B) It indicates the excessive carbon dioxide is exhaled to compensate for metabolic acidosis. 
C) It indicates that diabetic ketoacidosis is the cause of the metabolic acidosis. 
D) It indicates that more oxygen is necessary to compensate for respiratory acidosis. 
A) It indicates that anxiety, with rapid breathing, is a cause of respiratory acidosis. 
B) It indicates the excessive carbon dioxide is exhaled to compensate for metabolic acidosis. 
C) It indicates that diabetic ketoacidosis is the cause of the metabolic acidosis. 
D) It indicates that more oxygen is necessary to compensate for respiratory acidosis.

Question 9

Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO₃) and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) exist in a ratio of:

Accepted Answer

A) 20:1. 
B) 1:20. 
C) 10:2. 
D) 10:5. 
A) 20:1. 
B) 1:20. 
C) 10:2. 
D) 10:5.

Question 10

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations.
-Hypotension, fever, tachycardia

Accepted Answer

A) Hyponatremia 
B) Hypernatremia 
C) Hypercalcemia 
D) Hypokalemia 
E) Hypomagnesemia 
A) Hyponatremia 
B) Hypernatremia 
C) Hypercalcemia 
D) Hypokalemia 
E) Hypomagnesemia

Question 11

Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions. Terms may be used more than once.
-Inversely related to HCO₃ concentration

Accepted Answer

A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate 
A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate

Question 12

The two main intracellular fluid (ICF) compartments are the interstitial fluid contained in the nucleus and the intravascular fluid contained in the cell body.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

In hyperkalemia, cardiac rhythm changes are a direct result of:

Accepted Answer

A) cardiac cell hypopolarization. 
B) cardiac cell hyperexcitability. 
C) depression of the sinoatrial (S
A)  node. 
D) cardiac cell repolarization. 
A) cardiac cell hypopolarization. 
B) cardiac cell hyperexcitability. 
C) depression of the sinoatrial (S
A)  node. 
D) cardiac cell repolarization.

Question 14

How is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?

Accepted Answer

A) Insulin stimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium. 
B) Insulin binds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys. 
C) Insulin transports potassium from the blood to the cell along with glucose. 
D) Insulin breaks down the chemical components of potassium so that it is no longer effective. 
A) Insulin stimulates sodium to be removed from the cell in exchange for potassium. 
B) Insulin binds to potassium to remove it through the kidneys. 
C) Insulin transports potassium from the blood to the cell along with glucose. 
D) Insulin breaks down the chemical components of potassium so that it is no longer effective.

Question 15

Excessive use of magnesium- and aluminum-containing laxatives can result in:

Accepted Answer

A) hypomagnesemia. 
B) hypophosphatemia. 
C) hyponatremia. 
D) hypokalemia. 
A) hypomagnesemia. 
B) hypophosphatemia. 
C) hyponatremia. 
D) hypokalemia.

Question 16

Which groups are at risk for fluid imbalance?

Accepted Answer

A) Older adults, thin women, and infants 
B) Infants, children, and obese persons 
C) Thin women, obese persons, and older adults 
D) Obese persons, older adults, and infants 
A) Older adults, thin women, and infants 
B) Infants, children, and obese persons 
C) Thin women, obese persons, and older adults 
D) Obese persons, older adults, and infants

Question 17

Movement of water from the ICF to the ECF is primarily accomplished by active transport.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

What is a major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for transmission of nerve impulses?

Accepted Answer

A) The ratio between intracellular Na⁺ and extracellular sodium 
B) The ratio between intracellular K⁺ and extracellular potassium 
C) The ratio between intracellular Na⁺ and extracellular K⁺ 
D) The ratio between intracellular K⁺ and extracellular Na⁺ 
A) The ratio between intracellular Na⁺ and extracellular sodium 
B) The ratio between intracellular K⁺ and extracellular potassium 
C) The ratio between intracellular Na⁺ and extracellular K⁺ 
D) The ratio between intracellular K⁺ and extracellular Na⁺

Question 19

A patient has a long history of smoking.He has blood studies done because he is very tired, is short of breath, and just does not feel well.His blood gases reveal the following findings: pH, 7.3; HCO₃ 27 mEq/L; CO₂, 58 mmHg.What is the interpretation of these gases?

Accepted Answer

A) Respiratory alkalosis 
B) Metabolic acidosis 
C) Respiratory acidosis 
D) Metabolic alkalosis 
A) Respiratory alkalosis 
B) Metabolic acidosis 
C) Respiratory acidosis 
D) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 20

Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?

Accepted Answer

A) Capillary hydrostatic pressure 
B) Interstitial hydrostatic pressure 
C) Capillary oncotic pressure 
D) Interstitial oncotic pressure 
A) Capillary hydrostatic pressure 
B) Interstitial hydrostatic pressure 
C) Capillary oncotic pressure 
D) Interstitial oncotic pressure

Exam 3: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

How does SIADH cause excess water?

When thirst is experienced, how are osmoreceptors activated?

Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and the perception of thirst are stimulated by a(n):

Why are infants susceptible to significant losses in total body water (TBW)?

Hypermagnesemia is usually caused by:

At the arterial end of capillaries, fluid moves from the intravascular space into the interstitial space because the:

Water movement between the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular compartment is primarily a function of:

What is the significance of deep, rapid breathing (Kussmaul respirations) in metabolic acidosis?

Physiologic pH is maintained around 7.4 because bicarbonate (HCO₃) and carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) exist in a ratio of:

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations. -Hypotension, fever, tachycardia

Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions. Terms may be used more than once. -Inversely related to HCO₃ concentration

The two main intracellular fluid (ICF) compartments are the interstitial fluid contained in the nucleus and the intravascular fluid contained in the cell body.

In hyperkalemia, cardiac rhythm changes are a direct result of:

How is insulin used to treat hyperkalemia?

Excessive use of magnesium- and aluminum-containing laxatives can result in:

Which groups are at risk for fluid imbalance?

Movement of water from the ICF to the ECF is primarily accomplished by active transport.

What is a major determinant of the resting membrane potential necessary for transmission of nerve impulses?

A patient has a long history of smoking.He has blood studies done because he is very tired, is short of breath, and just does not feel well.His blood gases reveal the following findings: pH, 7.3; HCO₃ 27 mEq/L; CO₂, 58 mmHg.What is the interpretation of these gases?

Low plasma albumin causes edema as a result of a reduction in which pressure?

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive System

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adult

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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