Question 1

Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 40.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False  False

Question 2

Which inflammatory cytokines are released in chronic gastritis?

Accepted Answer

A) TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and leukotrienes 
B) Colony-stimulating factor (CSF), IL-1, IL-5, IL-7, and prostaglandins 
C) INF-a, IL-2, IL-12, IL-18, and serotonin 
D) Gastric-stimulating factor (GSF), IL-4, IL-9, IL-11, and bradykinin 
A) TNF-a, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and leukotrienes 
B) Colony-stimulating factor (CSF), IL-1, IL-5, IL-7, and prostaglandins 
C) INF-a, IL-2, IL-12, IL-18, and serotonin 
D) Gastric-stimulating factor (GSF), IL-4, IL-9, IL-11, and bradykinin A

Question 3

Abdominal pain is best described as visceral pain that:

Accepted Answer

A) is diffused, vague, poorly localized, and dull. 
B) travels from a specific organ to the spinal cord. 
C) lateralizes from only one side of the nervous system. 
D) is in concert with the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract. 
A) is diffused, vague, poorly localized, and dull. 
B) travels from a specific organ to the spinal cord. 
C) lateralizes from only one side of the nervous system. 
D) is in concert with the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract. A

Question 4

Individuals with chronic hepatitis C are at increased risk for chronic liver disease.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Which statement is false regarding the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis?

Accepted Answer

A) Pancreatic acinar cells metabolize ethanol, which generates toxic metabolites. 
B) Injury to the pancreatic acinar cells permits leakage of pancreatic enzymes that digest pancreatic tissue. 
C) Acute pancreatitis is an autoimmune disease in which IgG coats the pancreatic acinar cells so they are destroyed by the pancreatic enzymes. 
D) When gallstones are present, bile flows into the pancreas, contributing to attacks. 
A) Pancreatic acinar cells metabolize ethanol, which generates toxic metabolites. 
B) Injury to the pancreatic acinar cells permits leakage of pancreatic enzymes that digest pancreatic tissue. 
C) Acute pancreatitis is an autoimmune disease in which IgG coats the pancreatic acinar cells so they are destroyed by the pancreatic enzymes. 
D) When gallstones are present, bile flows into the pancreas, contributing to attacks.

Question 6

The desire to eat is stimulated by:

Accepted Answer

A) agouti-related protein (AgRP). 
B) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH). 
C) cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). 
D) peptide YY (PYY). 
A) agouti-related protein (AgRP). 
B) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH). 
C) cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART). 
D) peptide YY (PYY).

Question 7

The chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) for vomiting is located in the:

Accepted Answer

A) hypothalamus. 
B) medulla oblongata. 
C) pons. 
D) midbrain. 
A) hypothalamus. 
B) medulla oblongata. 
C) pons. 
D) midbrain.

Question 8

Endoscopy and biopsy may show long-standing inflammatory process and gastric atrophy indicating chronic gastritis in an individual with no history of abdominal distress.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Frank bleeding of the rectum is called:

Accepted Answer

A) melena. 
B) hematochezia. 
C) occult bleeding. 
D) hematemesis. 
A) melena. 
B) hematochezia. 
C) occult bleeding. 
D) hematemesis.

Question 10

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a result of:

Accepted Answer

A) excessive production of hydrochloric acid. 
B) a zone of low pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). 
C) presence of Helicobacter pylori in the esophagus. 
D) reverse muscular peristalsis of the esophagus. 
A) excessive production of hydrochloric acid. 
B) a zone of low pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). 
C) presence of Helicobacter pylori in the esophagus. 
D) reverse muscular peristalsis of the esophagus.

Question 11

Which of the following is consistent with dumping syndrome?

Accepted Answer

A) Usually responds well to dietary management 
B) Occurs 1 to 2 hours after eating 
C) Is seen following intestinal surgery 
D) Can result in alkaline reflux gastritis 
A) Usually responds well to dietary management 
B) Occurs 1 to 2 hours after eating 
C) Is seen following intestinal surgery 
D) Can result in alkaline reflux gastritis

Question 12

Normal bowel habits range from two or three evacuations per day to one per:

Accepted Answer

A) day. 
B) 2 days. 
C) week. 
D) month. 
A) day. 
B) 2 days. 
C) week. 
D) month.

Question 13

More than _____ stools per day is considered abnormal.

Accepted Answer

A) two 
B) three 
C) five 
D) seven 
A) two 
B) three 
C) five 
D) seven

Question 14

Which statement is false about how abdominal pain is produced?

Accepted Answer

A) Chemical mediators, such as histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin produce abdominal pain. 
B) Edema and vascular congestion produce abdominal pain by stretching. 
C) Ischemia caused by distention of bowel obstruction or mesenteric vessel thrombosis produces abdominal pain. 
D) Low concentrations of anaerobes, such as streptococci, lactobacilli, staphylococci, enterobacteria, and Bacteroides, produce abdominal pain. 
A) Chemical mediators, such as histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin produce abdominal pain. 
B) Edema and vascular congestion produce abdominal pain by stretching. 
C) Ischemia caused by distention of bowel obstruction or mesenteric vessel thrombosis produces abdominal pain. 
D) Low concentrations of anaerobes, such as streptococci, lactobacilli, staphylococci, enterobacteria, and Bacteroides, produce abdominal pain.

Question 15

The adult intestine processes approximately _____ L of luminal content per day.

Accepted Answer

A) 3 
B) 6 
C) 9 
D) 12 
A) 3 
B) 6 
C) 9 
D) 12

Question 16

Functional dysphagia is caused by:

Accepted Answer

A) intrinsic mechanical obstruction. 
B) extrinsic mechanical obstruction. 
C) a tumor. 
D) a neural or muscular disorder. 
A) intrinsic mechanical obstruction. 
B) extrinsic mechanical obstruction. 
C) a tumor. 
D) a neural or muscular disorder.

Question 17

Which clinical manifestation is not consistent with cancer of the cecum and ascending colon?

Accepted Answer

A) Mahogany-colored blood mixed with stool 
B) Anemia 
C) Pain 
D) Constipation 
A) Mahogany-colored blood mixed with stool 
B) Anemia 
C) Pain 
D) Constipation

Question 18

The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is _____ bleeding.

Accepted Answer

A) rectal 
B) duodenal 
C) esophageal 
D) intestinal 
A) rectal 
B) duodenal 
C) esophageal 
D) intestinal

Question 19

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) occurs in individuals with hepatitis B.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

Chronic gastritis of the fundus occurs more frequently than chronic gastritis of the antrum.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 39: Alterations of Digestive Function

Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 40.

Which inflammatory cytokines are released in chronic gastritis?

Abdominal pain is best described as visceral pain that:

Individuals with chronic hepatitis C are at increased risk for chronic liver disease.

Which statement is false regarding the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis?

The desire to eat is stimulated by:

The chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) for vomiting is located in the:

Endoscopy and biopsy may show long-standing inflammatory process and gastric atrophy indicating chronic gastritis in an individual with no history of abdominal distress.

Frank bleeding of the rectum is called:

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a result of:

Which of the following is consistent with dumping syndrome?

Normal bowel habits range from two or three evacuations per day to one per:

More than _____ stools per day is considered abnormal.

Which statement is false about how abdominal pain is produced?

The adult intestine processes approximately _____ L of luminal content per day.

Functional dysphagia is caused by:

Which clinical manifestation is not consistent with cancer of the cecum and ascending colon?

The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is _____ bleeding.

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) occurs in individuals with hepatitis B.

Chronic gastritis of the fundus occurs more frequently than chronic gastritis of the antrum.

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive System

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adult

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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