Question 1

Erikson proposed that, late in life, individuals face their final psychosocial crisis:

Accepted Answer

A)  industry vs. inferiority. 
B)  generativity vs. stagnation. 
C)  intimacy vs. isolation. 
D)  integrity vs. despair. 
A)  industry vs. inferiority. 
B)  generativity vs. stagnation. 
C)  intimacy vs. isolation. 
D)  integrity vs. despair.

Question 2

Frank was watching a Saturday morning cartoon in which the main character kicked someone and took away a toy. Frank then walked across the room and kicked his brother Joe and took away Joe's toy just as a cartoon character had done on the TV show. According to social cognitive theory, Frank has just demonstrated

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning or imitation. 
B)  punishment for aggressive behaviour. 
C)  reinforcement for sharing toys. 
D)  imprinting. 
A)  observational learning or imitation. 
B)  punishment for aggressive behaviour. 
C)  reinforcement for sharing toys. 
D)  imprinting.

Question 3

According to ethologists, some behaviours can only be learned

Accepted Answer

A)  when the behaviour is reinforced and opposing behaviours are punished. 
B)  through observational learning. 
C)  during a critical period when the organism is biologically programmed to learn that behaviour. 
D)  when the conflict between biological drives and society's standards is resolved. 
A)  when the behaviour is reinforced and opposing behaviours are punished. 
B)  through observational learning. 
C)  during a critical period when the organism is biologically programmed to learn that behaviour. 
D)  when the conflict between biological drives and society's standards is resolved.

Question 4

One drawback of structured observations is that

Accepted Answer

A)  the artificial nature of the setting may distort the behaviour of interest. 
B)  they cannot be used to study behaviours that occur naturally only rarely. 
C)  they can only be used to study behaviours that occur in public settings. 
D)  they cannot be performed in a laboratory. 
A)  the artificial nature of the setting may distort the behaviour of interest. 
B)  they cannot be used to study behaviours that occur naturally only rarely. 
C)  they can only be used to study behaviours that occur in public settings. 
D)  they cannot be performed in a laboratory.

Question 5

Imprinting occurs when a child becomes independent from his/her mother.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, development is

Accepted Answer

A)  the result of a natural unfolding of biological plans. 
B)  determined by the resolution of conflicts between one's biological drives and society's standards of right and wrong. 
C)  the result of children's attempts to understand their worlds. 
D)  determined by children's resolution of psychological and social crises. 
A)  the result of a natural unfolding of biological plans. 
B)  determined by the resolution of conflicts between one's biological drives and society's standards of right and wrong. 
C)  the result of children's attempts to understand their worlds. 
D)  determined by children's resolution of psychological and social crises.

Question 7

Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory

Accepted Answer

A)  emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later development. 
B)  suggests that learning is the key to understanding development. 
C)  suggests that behaviour should be considered in context. 
D)  emphasizes the importance of maturation. 
A)  emphasizes the influence of early experiences on later development. 
B)  suggests that learning is the key to understanding development. 
C)  suggests that behaviour should be considered in context. 
D)  emphasizes the importance of maturation.

Question 8

Watson was able to train a human to fear a white rat, even though the human was previously not afraid of the rat.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Deciding whether a research study is ethical is

Accepted Answer

A)  usually done by the researcher alone. 
B)  typically done by a review board. 
C)  arbitrary because no one has established uniform guidelines for making decisions about whether research is ethical. 
D)  determined by whether a study is deemed as being worthy of publication. 
A)  usually done by the researcher alone. 
B)  typically done by a review board. 
C)  arbitrary because no one has established uniform guidelines for making decisions about whether research is ethical. 
D)  determined by whether a study is deemed as being worthy of publication.

Question 10

Gesell's maturational theory most closely fits with the ideas of

Accepted Answer

A)  Jean Jacques Rousseau. 
B)  Erik Erikson. 
C)  John Locke. 
D)  John Watson. 
A)  Jean Jacques Rousseau. 
B)  Erik Erikson. 
C)  John Locke. 
D)  John Watson.

Question 11

Piaget believed that children

Accepted Answer

A)  are passively shaped by their experiences. 
B)  actively try to make sense of their world. 
C)  learn through a series of reinforcements and punishments. 
D)  face a series of conflicts or challenges as they develop. 
A)  are passively shaped by their experiences. 
B)  actively try to make sense of their world. 
C)  learn through a series of reinforcements and punishments. 
D)  face a series of conflicts or challenges as they develop.

Question 12

The factors subject to change that a researcher records in an observation are referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  variables. 
B)  samples. 
C)  populations. 
D)  correlation coefficients. 
A)  variables. 
B)  samples. 
C)  populations. 
D)  correlation coefficients.

Question 13

Development is shaped by the interaction of nature and nurture.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

*Your sister Kumi is having problems with her two-year-old daughter. Your niece, Kayla, has been throwing tantrums to get her own way. As you watch Kumi and Kayla interact, you see that Kumi will say "no" to Kayla, Kayla will scream and cry, and then Kumi will give in to her. What can you tell Kumi about the principles of operant conditioning that might help her deal with the situation?

Accepted Answer

The answer of *Your sister Kumi is having problems with...

Question 15

Who was the first theorist to use learning theory to explain child development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sigmund Freud 
B)  John Watson 
C)  Jean Piaget 
D)  Konrad Lorenz 
A)  Sigmund Freud 
B)  John Watson 
C)  Jean Piaget 
D)  Konrad Lorenz

Question 16

Your neighbour tells you about his little boy who is always manipulating objects "just like a scientist trying to test his theory about the world." Having just read the first chapter of your child development textbook, you reply, "You sound just like

Accepted Answer

A)  B.F. Skinner!" 
B)  Sigmund Freud!" 
C)  Urie Bronfenbrenner!" 
D)  Jean Piaget!" 
A)  B.F. Skinner!" 
B)  Sigmund Freud!" 
C)  Urie Bronfenbrenner!" 
D)  Jean Piaget!"

Question 17

Abstract thinking characterizes thought during Piaget's stage of formal operational thinking.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 18

The oldest scientific perspective on child development is the ______________ perspective.

Accepted Answer

A)  learning 
B)  social cognitive 
C)  ethological 
D)  psychodynamic 
A)  learning 
B)  social cognitive 
C)  ethological 
D)  psychodynamic

Question 19

Making a child do extra chores when she doesn't clean her room is an example of positive reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

A weakness of experimental studies is that

Accepted Answer

A)  they cannot be used to determine cause and effect. 
B)  results may not be representative of real-life behaviour. 
C)  they cannot be used in a laboratory setting. 
D)  they are usually expensive. 
A)  they cannot be used to determine cause and effect. 
B)  results may not be representative of real-life behaviour. 
C)  they cannot be used in a laboratory setting. 
D)  they are usually expensive.

Exam 1: B: The Science of Child Development

Erikson proposed that, late in life, individuals face their final psychosocial crisis:

According to ethologists, some behaviours can only be learned

One drawback of structured observations is that

Imprinting occurs when a child becomes independent from his/her mother.

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, development is

Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic theory

Watson was able to train a human to fear a white rat, even though the human was previously not afraid of the rat.

Deciding whether a research study is ethical is

Gesell's maturational theory most closely fits with the ideas of

Piaget believed that children

The factors subject to change that a researcher records in an observation are referred to as

Development is shaped by the interaction of nature and nurture.

Who was the first theorist to use learning theory to explain child development?

Your neighbour tells you about his little boy who is always manipulating objects "just like a scientist trying to test his theory about the world." Having just read the first chapter of your child development textbook, you reply, "You sound just like

Abstract thinking characterizes thought during Piaget's stage of formal operational thinking.

The oldest scientific perspective on child development is the ______________ perspective.

Making a child do extra chores when she doesn't clean her room is an example of positive reinforcement.

A weakness of experimental studies is that

A: The Science of Child Development

C: The Science of Child Development

A: Genetic Bases of Child Development

B: Genetic Bases of Child Development

C: Genetic Bases of Child Development

A: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

B: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

C: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

A: Growth and Health

B: Growth and Health

C: Growth and Health

A: Perceptual and Motor Development

B: Perceptual and Motor Development

C: Perceptual and Motor Development

A: Theories of Cognitive Development

B: Theories of Cognitive Development

C: Theories of Cognitive Development

A: Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills

B: Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills

C: Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills

A: Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition

B: Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition

C: Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition

A: Language and Communication

B: Language and Communication

C: Language and Communication

A: Emotional Development

B: Emotional Development

C: Emotional Development

A: Understanding Self and Others

B: Understanding Self and Others

C: Understanding Self and Others

A: Moral Understanding and Behaviour

B: Moral Understanding and Behaviour

C: Moral Understanding and Behaviour

A: Gender and Development

B: Gender and Development

C: Gender and Development

A: Social Influences

A2: Social Influences

B: Social Influences

B2: Social Influences

C: Social Influences

C2: Social Influences

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