Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of a longitudinal approach?

Accepted Answer

A)  They cannot answer questions about the continuity or discontinuity of behaviour. 
B)  Subject dropout may alter results. 
C)  Results may be specific to a particular cohort. 
D)  Repeated testing may distort results. 
A)  They cannot answer questions about the continuity or discontinuity of behaviour. 
B)  Subject dropout may alter results. 
C)  Results may be specific to a particular cohort. 
D)  Repeated testing may distort results.

Question 2

After any research is conducted with human participants, those participants must be given a ________, explaining the purpose of the research.

Accepted Answer

A)  debriefing 
B)  video 
C)  informed consent 
D)  inferential statistics package 
A)  debriefing 
B)  video 
C)  informed consent 
D)  inferential statistics package

Question 3

Social cognitive theory extended operant conditioning theory by adding the concept of

Accepted Answer

A)  observational learning. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  reinforcement. 
D)  genetic influences. 
A)  observational learning. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  reinforcement. 
D)  genetic influences.

Question 4

What might a researcher do to avoid a potential observation bias?

Accepted Answer

A)  Establishing behavioural definitions and observational guidelines prior to the observations. 
B)  Make sure he or she is observing carefully. 
C)  Clearly explain the research with the participants. 
D)  Perform the study multiple times. 
A)  Establishing behavioural definitions and observational guidelines prior to the observations. 
B)  Make sure he or she is observing carefully. 
C)  Clearly explain the research with the participants. 
D)  Perform the study multiple times.

Question 5

If parents believe that children are tabula rasas at birth, they are likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  leave their children alone so their virtuous natures can unfold. 
B)  be very permissive with their children. 
C)  assume that nothing they do will have any influence on their children's development. 
D)  plan their children's experiences from the moment of their birth. 
A)  leave their children alone so their virtuous natures can unfold. 
B)  be very permissive with their children. 
C)  assume that nothing they do will have any influence on their children's development. 
D)  plan their children's experiences from the moment of their birth.

Question 6

Applied developmental science uses developmental research to promote healthy development, particularly for vulnerable children and families.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

A high correlation between a child's behaviour (e.g., being aggressive) and that of her parents (e.g., spanking) indicates that

Accepted Answer

A)  the child's aggression caused the spanking. 
B)  the spanking caused the aggression. 
C)  shared aggressive genes, a third factor, caused the child's aggression and the parents' spanking. 
D)  aggression and spanking are related but correlations do not indicate causality. 
A)  the child's aggression caused the spanking. 
B)  the spanking caused the aggression. 
C)  shared aggressive genes, a third factor, caused the child's aggression and the parents' spanking. 
D)  aggression and spanking are related but correlations do not indicate causality.

Question 8

Cohort effects can be a problem in ________ studies.

Accepted Answer

A)  cross-sectional 
B)  correlational 
C)  longitudinal 
D)  cross-sectional and longitudinal 
A)  cross-sectional 
B)  correlational 
C)  longitudinal 
D)  cross-sectional and longitudinal

Question 9

________ is a tool that allows researchers to synthesize the results of many studies to estimate relations between variables.

Accepted Answer

A)  Quasi-experimental design 
B)  Microgenetic design 
C)  Naturalistic observation 
D)  Meta-analysis 
A)  Quasi-experimental design 
B)  Microgenetic design 
C)  Naturalistic observation 
D)  Meta-analysis

Question 10

The cognitive-developmental perspective is mainly concerned with

Accepted Answer

A)  experience. 
B)  personality. 
C)  thinking. 
D)  context. 
A)  experience. 
B)  personality. 
C)  thinking. 
D)  context.

Question 11

A researcher is interested in the development of early math skills in Canadian preschool females. He observes 25 children at a local day care centre. The population he is studying is

Accepted Answer

A)  humans. 
B)  Canadian children. 
C)  Canadian preschool females. 
D)  the 25 children at the local day care centre. 
A)  humans. 
B)  Canadian children. 
C)  Canadian preschool females. 
D)  the 25 children at the local day care centre.

Question 12

Which of the following is a weakness of self-report measures?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are difficult to use with behaviours that are rare or that typically occur in private settings. 
B)  They may be invalid because they cannot sample behaviour as it occurs naturally. 
C)  They may be invalid because structured settings distort the behaviour. 
D)  They may be invalid because children answer incorrectly due to forgetting or response bias. 
A)  They are difficult to use with behaviours that are rare or that typically occur in private settings. 
B)  They may be invalid because they cannot sample behaviour as it occurs naturally. 
C)  They may be invalid because structured settings distort the behaviour. 
D)  They may be invalid because children answer incorrectly due to forgetting or response bias.

Question 13

An infant comes to the lab to be observed. At first, she is very shy and seems uncomfortable with the researcher, but after a few minutes she doesn't seem to even notice the researcher. What has happened here?

Accepted Answer

A)  reliability 
B)  blind observation 
C)  habituation 
D)  a longitudinal study 
A)  reliability 
B)  blind observation 
C)  habituation 
D)  a longitudinal study

Question 14

The belief that outgoing five-year-olds become outgoing adults is consistent with the belief that development is discontinuous.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

*Please give two examples where observational learning could be helpful/harmful to a developing child.

Accepted Answer

The answer of *Please give two examples where observational learning...

Question 16

According to Erikson, the earlier stages of psychosocial development provide the foundation for later stages.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Pepler, Craig, and Roberts (1998) used __________________ to study prosocial and aggressive behaviour on Toronto's playgrounds.

Accepted Answer

A)  naturalistic observation 
B)  structured observation 
C)  self-report data 
D)  experimental data 
A)  naturalistic observation 
B)  structured observation 
C)  self-report data 
D)  experimental data

Question 18

One example of a theory with a learning perspective is

Accepted Answer

A)  Erikson's theory. 
B)  Bandura's social cognitive theory. 
C)  Piaget's theory. 
D)  Freud's theory. 
A)  Erikson's theory. 
B)  Bandura's social cognitive theory. 
C)  Piaget's theory. 
D)  Freud's theory.

Question 19

The nature-nurture issue is concerned with

Accepted Answer

A)  the connection of development in one domain to development in other domains. 
B)  the role that children play in influencing their own development. 
C)  the roles that biology and environment play in development. 
D)  how early development is related to later development. 
A)  the connection of development in one domain to development in other domains. 
B)  the role that children play in influencing their own development. 
C)  the roles that biology and environment play in development. 
D)  how early development is related to later development.

Question 20

The ego, one of Freud's components of personality, tries to resolve the conflicts between one's biological desires and society's standards.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 1: B: The Science of Child Development

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of a longitudinal approach?

After any research is conducted with human participants, those participants must be given a ________, explaining the purpose of the research.

Social cognitive theory extended operant conditioning theory by adding the concept of

What might a researcher do to avoid a potential observation bias?

If parents believe that children are tabula rasas at birth, they are likely to

Applied developmental science uses developmental research to promote healthy development, particularly for vulnerable children and families.

A high correlation between a child's behaviour (e.g., being aggressive) and that of her parents (e.g., spanking) indicates that

Cohort effects can be a problem in ________ studies.

________ is a tool that allows researchers to synthesize the results of many studies to estimate relations between variables.

The cognitive-developmental perspective is mainly concerned with

A researcher is interested in the development of early math skills in Canadian preschool females. He observes 25 children at a local day care centre. The population he is studying is

Which of the following is a weakness of self-report measures?

An infant comes to the lab to be observed. At first, she is very shy and seems uncomfortable with the researcher, but after a few minutes she doesn't seem to even notice the researcher. What has happened here?

The belief that outgoing five-year-olds become outgoing adults is consistent with the belief that development is discontinuous.

*Please give two examples where observational learning could be helpful/harmful to a developing child.

According to Erikson, the earlier stages of psychosocial development provide the foundation for later stages.

Pepler, Craig, and Roberts (1998) used __________________ to study prosocial and aggressive behaviour on Toronto's playgrounds.

One example of a theory with a learning perspective is

The nature-nurture issue is concerned with

The ego, one of Freud's components of personality, tries to resolve the conflicts between one's biological desires and society's standards.

A: The Science of Child Development

C: The Science of Child Development

A: Genetic Bases of Child Development

B: Genetic Bases of Child Development

C: Genetic Bases of Child Development

A: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

B: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

C: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

A: Growth and Health

B: Growth and Health

C: Growth and Health

A: Perceptual and Motor Development

B: Perceptual and Motor Development

C: Perceptual and Motor Development

A: Theories of Cognitive Development

B: Theories of Cognitive Development

C: Theories of Cognitive Development

A: Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills

B: Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills

C: Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills

A: Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition

B: Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition

C: Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition

A: Language and Communication

B: Language and Communication

C: Language and Communication

A: Emotional Development

B: Emotional Development

C: Emotional Development

A: Understanding Self and Others

B: Understanding Self and Others

C: Understanding Self and Others

A: Moral Understanding and Behaviour

B: Moral Understanding and Behaviour

C: Moral Understanding and Behaviour

A: Gender and Development

B: Gender and Development

C: Gender and Development

A: Social Influences

A2: Social Influences

B: Social Influences

B2: Social Influences

C: Social Influences

C2: Social Influences

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