Question 1

Which of the following is an ethical responsibility that researchers have to the participants in their research?

Accepted Answer

A)  Researchers do not need to explain the use of deception in their studies. 
B)  Children's data should be linked with their names so that they can be identified easily. 
C)  Researchers should minimize the potential for harm or stress to their participants. 
D)  Researchers do not need to describe the research to participants before they decide to participate. 
A)  Researchers do not need to explain the use of deception in their studies. 
B)  Children's data should be linked with their names so that they can be identified easily. 
C)  Researchers should minimize the potential for harm or stress to their participants. 
D)  Researchers do not need to describe the research to participants before they decide to participate.

Question 2

A quasi-experimental design involves comparisons between

Accepted Answer

A)  groups that were not formed by random assignment. 
B)  groups that were not formed based on gender. 
C)  groups that were formed by random assignment. 
D)  groups that were formed based on age. 
A)  groups that were not formed by random assignment. 
B)  groups that were not formed based on gender. 
C)  groups that were formed by random assignment. 
D)  groups that were formed based on age.

Question 3

________ based his ideas about child development on evolutionary theory and was interested in age trends in children's beliefs and feelings.

Accepted Answer

A)  John Locke 
B)  Jean Jacques Rousseau 
C)  G. Stanley Hall 
D)  Alfred Binet 
A)  John Locke 
B)  Jean Jacques Rousseau 
C)  G. Stanley Hall 
D)  Alfred Binet

Question 4

Erikson's theory suggests that 16-year-old Glenn is likely to be facing the challenge of

Accepted Answer

A)  realizing that he is an independent person. 
B)  establishing an intimate relationship with another person. 
C)  developing a sense of trust in the world. 
D)  developing a sense of his own identity. 
A)  realizing that he is an independent person. 
B)  establishing an intimate relationship with another person. 
C)  developing a sense of trust in the world. 
D)  developing a sense of his own identity.

Question 5

Six-year-old Sarah had been watching her older brother and sister in swim meets for several years. Sarah believed she was a good swimmer too, and eagerly entered her first swim meet shortly after she turned six. Bandura would say that ________ played a role in Sarah's desire to imitate her siblings.

Accepted Answer

A)  genetic factors 
B)  self-efficacy 
C)  punishment 
D)  negative reinforcement 
A)  genetic factors 
B)  self-efficacy 
C)  punishment 
D)  negative reinforcement

Question 6

Heather believes her 12-month-old daughter will develop optimally if Heather gives her freedom to grow naturally and does not try to shape her development. Heather's beliefs about child rearing are most similar to those of

Accepted Answer

A)  Sigmund Freud. 
B)  Erik Erikson. 
C)  John Locke. 
D)  Jean Jacques Rousseau. 
A)  Sigmund Freud. 
B)  Erik Erikson. 
C)  John Locke. 
D)  Jean Jacques Rousseau.

Question 7

Which of the following measures involves sampling behaviour with a task?

Accepted Answer

A)  putting a number of objects in front of a child and having the child count them 
B)  listening to children's everyday conversations and recording the complexity of their sentence structures 
C)  asking children how much television they watch in one week 
D)  having children fill out a questionnaire about their study habits 
A)  putting a number of objects in front of a child and having the child count them 
B)  listening to children's everyday conversations and recording the complexity of their sentence structures 
C)  asking children how much television they watch in one week 
D)  having children fill out a questionnaire about their study habits

Question 8

The variable in an experiment that is observed to see if it changes when another variable is manipulated is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  correlation coefficient. 
B)  independent variable. 
C)  cohort. 
D)  dependent variable. 
A)  correlation coefficient. 
B)  independent variable. 
C)  cohort. 
D)  dependent variable.

Question 9

If Mohammed took the same achievement test three different times and received scores of 100, 55, and 75, the test would have low levels of

Accepted Answer

A)  validity. 
B)  representativeness. 
C)  sampling behaviour. 
D)  reliability. 
A)  validity. 
B)  representativeness. 
C)  sampling behaviour. 
D)  reliability.

Question 10

Hedy lives according to the philosophy "If it feels good, do it." Hedy's personality appears to be dominated by her

Accepted Answer

A)  ego. 
B)  imprinting. 
C)  superego. 
D)  id. 
A)  ego. 
B)  imprinting. 
C)  superego. 
D)  id.

Question 11

Most developmental psychologists agree that cognitive, physical, social, and personality development are all intertwined and that each area of development affects every other area.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Erikson emphasized

Accepted Answer

A)  psychological and social aspects of development. 
B)  biological and physical aspects of development. 
C)  environmental influences on development. 
D)  cognitive development. 
A)  psychological and social aspects of development. 
B)  biological and physical aspects of development. 
C)  environmental influences on development. 
D)  cognitive development.

Question 13

Correlations can range from

Accepted Answer

A)  0 to 100. 
B)  1 to 10. 
C)  -1.00 to 1.00. 
D)  -.10 to .10. 
A)  0 to 100. 
B)  1 to 10. 
C)  -1.00 to 1.00. 
D)  -.10 to .10.

Question 14

When eight-year-old Chris brought home a report card with all A's his parents gave him one dollar for each A. Chris's parents were attempting to use ________ to shape Chris's future behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  positive reinforcement 
C)  punishment 
D)  self-efficacy 
A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  positive reinforcement 
C)  punishment 
D)  self-efficacy

Question 15

________ was a theorist who was primarily interested in ways that adults convey cultural beliefs to children.

Accepted Answer

A)  Piaget 
B)  Skinner 
C)  Freud 
D)  Vygotsky 
A)  Piaget 
B)  Skinner 
C)  Freud 
D)  Vygotsky

Question 16

The id

Accepted Answer

A)  wants immediate gratification of bodily desires. 
B)  provides a sense of morality. 
C)  works to resolve conflicts. 
D)  presses for socially acceptable actions. 
A)  wants immediate gratification of bodily desires. 
B)  provides a sense of morality. 
C)  works to resolve conflicts. 
D)  presses for socially acceptable actions.

Question 17

When a particular type of learning can take place only during a specific time period, not before or after that period, there is a(n) ________ for learning that behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A)  instinct 
B)  critical period 
C)  blank slate 
D)  emotional bond 
A)  instinct 
B)  critical period 
C)  blank slate 
D)  emotional bond

Question 18

Research measures that involve watching children's unprompted behaviour in real-life settings are referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  structured observations. 
B)  tasks that sample behaviour. 
C)  self-report measures. 
D)  naturalistic observations. 
A)  structured observations. 
B)  tasks that sample behaviour. 
C)  self-report measures. 
D)  naturalistic observations.

Question 19

Freud's psychodynamic theory contributed to the field of child development by suggesting that

Accepted Answer

A)  learning is more important than maturation. 
B)  early experiences establish patterns that endure throughout a person's life. 
C)  learned, adaptive behaviours influence later development. 
D)  children's cognitive development influences later behaviour. 
A)  learning is more important than maturation. 
B)  early experiences establish patterns that endure throughout a person's life. 
C)  learned, adaptive behaviours influence later development. 
D)  children's cognitive development influences later behaviour.

Question 20

One difference between Skinner's operant conditioning and Bandura's social cognitive theory is that

Accepted Answer

A)  Bandura believes children play an active role in their own development while Skinner sees them as being passively shaped by the environment. 
B)  Skinner views reinforcement and punishment as being important while Bandura does not. 
C)  Skinner believes that self-efficacy influences behaviour while Bandura does not. 
D)  Bandura emphasizes rewards and punishment while Skinner does not. 
A)  Bandura believes children play an active role in their own development while Skinner sees them as being passively shaped by the environment. 
B)  Skinner views reinforcement and punishment as being important while Bandura does not. 
C)  Skinner believes that self-efficacy influences behaviour while Bandura does not. 
D)  Bandura emphasizes rewards and punishment while Skinner does not.

Exam 1: B: The Science of Child Development

Which of the following is an ethical responsibility that researchers have to the participants in their research?

A quasi-experimental design involves comparisons between

________ based his ideas about child development on evolutionary theory and was interested in age trends in children's beliefs and feelings.

Erikson's theory suggests that 16-year-old Glenn is likely to be facing the challenge of

Heather believes her 12-month-old daughter will develop optimally if Heather gives her freedom to grow naturally and does not try to shape her development. Heather's beliefs about child rearing are most similar to those of

Which of the following measures involves sampling behaviour with a task?

The variable in an experiment that is observed to see if it changes when another variable is manipulated is called the

If Mohammed took the same achievement test three different times and received scores of 100, 55, and 75, the test would have low levels of

Hedy lives according to the philosophy "If it feels good, do it." Hedy's personality appears to be dominated by her

Most developmental psychologists agree that cognitive, physical, social, and personality development are all intertwined and that each area of development affects every other area.

Erikson emphasized

Correlations can range from

When eight-year-old Chris brought home a report card with all A's his parents gave him one dollar for each A. Chris's parents were attempting to use ________ to shape Chris's future behaviour.

________ was a theorist who was primarily interested in ways that adults convey cultural beliefs to children.

The id

When a particular type of learning can take place only during a specific time period, not before or after that period, there is a(n) ________ for learning that behaviour.

Research measures that involve watching children's unprompted behaviour in real-life settings are referred to as

Freud's psychodynamic theory contributed to the field of child development by suggesting that

One difference between Skinner's operant conditioning and Bandura's social cognitive theory is that

A: The Science of Child Development

C: The Science of Child Development

A: Genetic Bases of Child Development

B: Genetic Bases of Child Development

C: Genetic Bases of Child Development

A: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

B: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

C: Prenatal Development, Birth, and the Newborn

A: Growth and Health

B: Growth and Health

C: Growth and Health

A: Perceptual and Motor Development

B: Perceptual and Motor Development

C: Perceptual and Motor Development

A: Theories of Cognitive Development

B: Theories of Cognitive Development

C: Theories of Cognitive Development

A: Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills

B: Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills

C: Cognitive Processes and Academic Skills

A: Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition

B: Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition

C: Intelligence and Individual Differences in Cognition

A: Language and Communication

B: Language and Communication

C: Language and Communication

A: Emotional Development

B: Emotional Development

C: Emotional Development

A: Understanding Self and Others

B: Understanding Self and Others

C: Understanding Self and Others

A: Moral Understanding and Behaviour

B: Moral Understanding and Behaviour

C: Moral Understanding and Behaviour

A: Gender and Development

B: Gender and Development

C: Gender and Development

A: Social Influences

A2: Social Influences

B: Social Influences

B2: Social Influences

C: Social Influences

C2: Social Influences

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