Question 1

________ alterations occur when changes in TBW are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes.

Accepted Answer

A) Isotonic 
B) Hypertonic 
C) Hypotonic 
D) Normotonic 
A) Isotonic 
B) Hypertonic 
C) Hypotonic 
D) Normotonic

Question 2

Why are obese people at greater risk for dehydration than lean people?

Accepted Answer

A) Because adipose cells contain little water; fat is water repelling 
B) Because the metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than lean adults 
C) Because the rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than lean adults 
D) Because the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively 
A) Because adipose cells contain little water; fat is water repelling 
B) Because the metabolic rate of obese adults is slower than lean adults 
C) Because the rate of urine output of obese adults is higher than lean adults 
D) Because the thirst receptors of the hypothalamus do not function effectively

Question 3

Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions. Terms may be used more than once.
-Regulation of osmolality

Accepted Answer

A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate 
A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate

Question 4

Infants have the highest overall percentage of body water.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

Proteins are primarily an intracellular buffer.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Hypokalemia as well as hyperkalemia can cause muscle weakness.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

What initiates the formation of ammonium (NH₄) from ammonia (NH₃) in the tubular lumen of the kidney?

Accepted Answer

A) Arterial pH of 7.25 
B) Arterial pH of 7.35 
C) Arterial pH of 7.55 
D) Arterial pH of 7.65 
A) Arterial pH of 7.25 
B) Arterial pH of 7.35 
C) Arterial pH of 7.55 
D) Arterial pH of 7.65

Question 8

When buffers, such as carbonic acid-bicarbonate, absorb excessive H⁺ (acid) or OH- (base), a significant change in the plasma pH results.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions. Terms may be used more than once.
-An intracellular metabolic form is ATP

Accepted Answer

A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate 
A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate

Question 10

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations.
-Absent bowel sounds, skeletal muscle weakness, bradycardia

Accepted Answer

A) Hyponatremia 
B) Hypernatremia 
C) Hypercalcemia 
D) Hypokalemia 
E) Hypomagnesemia 
A) Hyponatremia 
B) Hypernatremia 
C) Hypercalcemia 
D) Hypokalemia 
E) Hypomagnesemia

Question 11

How does the body reestablish equilibrium when solute is added to extracellular fluid making it hypertonic?

Accepted Answer

A) Water is drawn from the extracellular space to the intracellular space. 
B) Sodium is drawn from the extracellular space to the intracellular space. 
C) Sodium is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space. 
D) Water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space. 
A) Water is drawn from the extracellular space to the intracellular space. 
B) Sodium is drawn from the extracellular space to the intracellular space. 
C) Sodium is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space. 
D) Water is drawn from the intracellular space to the extracellular space.

Question 12

Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions. Terms may be used more than once.
-Major determinant of resting membrane potential

Accepted Answer

A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate 
A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate

Question 13

During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in hydrogen ions in the blood by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?

Accepted Answer

A) Oxygen 
B) Sodium 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
A) Oxygen 
B) Sodium 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium

Question 14

Which are indications of dehydration?

Accepted Answer

A) Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit 
B) Muscle weakness and decreased deep tendon reflexes 
C) Tachycardia and weight loss 
D) Polyuria and hyperventilation 
A) Decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit 
B) Muscle weakness and decreased deep tendon reflexes 
C) Tachycardia and weight loss 
D) Polyuria and hyperventilation

Question 15

How does the loss of chloride during vomiting cause metabolic alkalosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Loss of chloride stimulates the release of aldosterone, which causes the retained sodium to bind with the chloride. 
B) Loss of chloride causes hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium to maintain cation balance. 
C) Loss of chloride causes retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance. 
D) Loss of chloride causes hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis. 
A) Loss of chloride stimulates the release of aldosterone, which causes the retained sodium to bind with the chloride. 
B) Loss of chloride causes hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium to maintain cation balance. 
C) Loss of chloride causes retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance. 
D) Loss of chloride causes hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis.

Question 16

What are causes of hyperkalemia?

Accepted Answer

A) Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition 
B) Vomiting and diarrhea 
C) Renal failure and Addison disease 
D) Hyperaldosteronism and Cushing disease 
A) Hyperparathyroidism and malnutrition 
B) Vomiting and diarrhea 
C) Renal failure and Addison disease 
D) Hyperaldosteronism and Cushing disease

Question 17

What mechanisms cause hypernatremia?

Accepted Answer

A) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) 
B) Cushing disease and hyperaldosteronism 
C) Prolonged vomiting or diarrhea 
D) Excessive diuretic therapy 
A) Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) 
B) Cushing disease and hyperaldosteronism 
C) Prolonged vomiting or diarrhea 
D) Excessive diuretic therapy

Question 18

Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions. Terms may be used more than once.
-Changes in hydrogen ion concentration affect this electrolyte

Accepted Answer

A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate 
A) Sodium 
B) Chloride 
C) Potassium 
D) Magnesium 
E) Phosphate

Question 19

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations.
-Depression, confusion, irritability, increased reflexes, tetany

Accepted Answer

A) Hyponatremia 
B) Hypernatremia 
C) Hypercalcemia 
D) Hypokalemia 
E) Hypomagnesemia 
A) Hyponatremia 
B) Hypernatremia 
C) Hypercalcemia 
D) Hypokalemia 
E) Hypomagnesemia

Question 20

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations.
-Fatigue, weakness, kidney stones, varying degrees of heart block

Accepted Answer

A) Hyponatremia 
B) Hypernatremia 
C) Hypercalcemia 
D) Hypokalemia 
E) Hypomagnesemia 
A) Hyponatremia 
B) Hypernatremia 
C) Hypercalcemia 
D) Hypokalemia 
E) Hypomagnesemia

Exam 3: The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

________ alterations occur when changes in TBW are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes.

Why are obese people at greater risk for dehydration than lean people?

Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions. Terms may be used more than once. -Regulation of osmolality

Infants have the highest overall percentage of body water.

Proteins are primarily an intracellular buffer.

Hypokalemia as well as hyperkalemia can cause muscle weakness.

What initiates the formation of ammonium (NH₄) from ammonia (NH₃) in the tubular lumen of the kidney?

When buffers, such as carbonic acid-bicarbonate, absorb excessive H⁺ (acid) or OH- (base), a significant change in the plasma pH results.

Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions. Terms may be used more than once. -An intracellular metabolic form is ATP

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations. -Absent bowel sounds, skeletal muscle weakness, bradycardia

How does the body reestablish equilibrium when solute is added to extracellular fluid making it hypertonic?

Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions. Terms may be used more than once. -Major determinant of resting membrane potential

During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in hydrogen ions in the blood by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte?

Which are indications of dehydration?

How does the loss of chloride during vomiting cause metabolic alkalosis?

What are causes of hyperkalemia?

What mechanisms cause hypernatremia?

Match the electrolytes with the corresponding descriptions. Terms may be used more than once. -Changes in hydrogen ion concentration affect this electrolyte

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations. -Depression, confusion, irritability, increased reflexes, tetany

Match each electrolyte imbalance with its clinical manifestations. -Fatigue, weakness, kidney stones, varying degrees of heart block

Cellular Biology

Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive System

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adult

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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