Exam 2: Seciton 3: Beginnings: Theories of Development

Chris is helpful and cooperative and takes care of his family and friends. Aaron is selfish and arrogant and puts his needs before his family and friends. Whose traits would likely be selected for future generations in order to meet the evolutionary goals of humans?

The boss praised his hourly employees for their good work. The boss hopes that the praise encourages the employees to continue to work hard. In this example, the reinforcement is _____.

Eli's parents caught him sneaking out of the house late at night. When discussing the incident, they acknowledge that his behavior was wrong but that they still love and cherish him as a son. Rogers would say that the parents are offering their son _____.

The term "norm" communicates _____.

Within Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, the role of the more skilled member of society is to _____ in order to help the novice learn.

For centuries, men have needed women to be sexually faithful to ensure that her children are also his offspring. Which theory is most consistent with this explanation for faithfulness among romantic partners?

Behaviorism has also been referred to as _____.

Behaviorists believe that psychologists should focus on _____.

Within the context of Maslow's hierarchy, people who lock their windows and doors at night are focused on _____.

Maslow's hierarchy includes _____ levels of needs.

Sally has a dog at home so she knows about dogs. She is walking down the street and sees an animal walking toward her. The animal has four legs, fur, a tail, and is barking. Sally knows that these are characteristics of a dog given her knowledge of dogs. She quickly concludes that this animal is a dog. This example illustrated the Piagetian concept of _____.

A balloon popped and made Bobby cry. It happened again when he was at a friend's birthday party. Now when Bobby sees a balloon he starts to cry. Bobby cries in response to the balloon because of _____.

The theories that have made us aware of the impact of early-childhood experiences, remembered or not, on development are _____ theories.

Within the context of Maslow's hierarchy, people who feel good about themselves after they have received a good score on an exam are focused on a(n) _____.

Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point, it was suggested to parents to postpone toilet training until the child was at least a year old to avoid serious personality problems later on. This view is most consistent with _____.

The so-called "new" theories, unlike the grand theories, are multicultural and multidisciplinary. _____ theory, for example, draws on theology, political science, and history.

With regard to cognitive development, Piaget argued that _____ is more revealing than _____.

With respect to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the more difficult cognitive adaptation is _____.

_____ is when genes for traits that aid survival and reproduction are selected over time to allow the species to thrive.

Observational learning is also called _____.