Question 1

Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?

Accepted Answer

A) Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease 
B) Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis 
C) Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease 
D) Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia 
A) Cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and ischemic heart disease 
B) Renal diseases such as acute tubular necrosis and glomerulonephritis 
C) Gastrointestinal diseases such as peptic ulcer disease and Crohn disease 
D) Muscular disease such as muscular dystrophy and fibromyalgia

Question 2

During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why do sodium and water move into the cell?

Accepted Answer

A) Because potassium moves out of the cell, and potassium and sodium are inversely related 
B) Because the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in ATP 
C) Because the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane 
D) Because oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell 
A) Because potassium moves out of the cell, and potassium and sodium are inversely related 
B) Because the pump that transports sodium out of the cell cannot function because of a decrease in ATP 
C) Because the osmotic pressure is increased, which pulls additional sodium across the cell membrane 
D) Because oxygen is not available to bind with sodium to maintain it outside of the cell

Question 3

After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen; this is an example of hormonal:

Accepted Answer

A) hyperplasia. 
B) dysplasia. 
C) hypertrophy. 
D) anaplasia. 
A) hyperplasia. 
B) dysplasia. 
C) hypertrophy. 
D) anaplasia.

Question 4

What type of necrosis is often associated with pulmonary tuberculosis?

Accepted Answer

A) Bacteriologic necrosis 
B) Caseous necrosis 
C) Liquefactive necrosis 
D) Gangrenous necrosis 
A) Bacteriologic necrosis 
B) Caseous necrosis 
C) Liquefactive necrosis 
D) Gangrenous necrosis

Question 5

What is the single most common cause of cellular injury?

Accepted Answer

A) Hypoxic injury 
B) Chemical injury 
C) Infectious injury 
D) Genetic injury 
A) Hypoxic injury 
B) Chemical injury 
C) Infectious injury 
D) Genetic injury

Question 6

During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why is there an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell?

Accepted Answer

A) Because plasma proteins enter the cell 
B) Because the ATPase-driven pump is stronger during hypoxia 
C) Because sodium chloride enters the cell 
D) Because there is an influx of glucose through the injured cell membranes 
A) Because plasma proteins enter the cell 
B) Because the ATPase-driven pump is stronger during hypoxia 
C) Because sodium chloride enters the cell 
D) Because there is an influx of glucose through the injured cell membranes

Question 7

How does lead poisoning affect the nervous system?

Accepted Answer

A) It interferes with the function of neurotransmitters. 
B) It inhibits production of myelin around nerves. 
C) It increases the resting membrane potential. 
D) It alters the transport of potassium into the nerves during synapse. 
A) It interferes with the function of neurotransmitters. 
B) It inhibits production of myelin around nerves. 
C) It increases the resting membrane potential. 
D) It alters the transport of potassium into the nerves during synapse.

Question 8

Acute alcoholism mainly affects the ______________ system.

Accepted Answer

A) hepatic 
B) gastrointestinal 
C) renal 
D) central nervous 
A) hepatic 
B) gastrointestinal 
C) renal 
D) central nervous

Question 9

Match the terms with the corresponding examples. Terms may be used more than once.
-Causes myocardial enlargement as a result of dilated cardiac chambers

Accepted Answer

A) Physiologic atrophy 
B) Pathologic atrophy 
C) Physiologic hypertrophy 
D) Pathologic hypertrophy 
E) Compensatory hyperplasia 
A) Physiologic atrophy 
B) Pathologic atrophy 
C) Physiologic hypertrophy 
D) Pathologic hypertrophy 
E) Compensatory hyperplasia

Question 10

How does carbon monoxide cause tissue damage?

Accepted Answer

A) By competing with carbon dioxide so that it cannot be excreted 
B) By binding to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen 
C) By destroying the chemical bonds of hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen 
D) By removing iron from hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen 
A) By competing with carbon dioxide so that it cannot be excreted 
B) By binding to hemoglobin so that it cannot carry oxygen 
C) By destroying the chemical bonds of hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen 
D) By removing iron from hemoglobin so it cannot carry oxygen

Question 11

Match the terms with the corresponding examples. Terms may be used more than once.
-Thymus gland changes during childhood

Accepted Answer

A) Physiologic atrophy 
B) Pathologic atrophy 
C) Physiologic hypertrophy 
D) Pathologic hypertrophy 
E) Compensatory hyperplasia 
A) Physiologic atrophy 
B) Pathologic atrophy 
C) Physiologic hypertrophy 
D) Pathologic hypertrophy 
E) Compensatory hyperplasia

Question 12

What causes hemoprotein accumulations?

Accepted Answer

A) Excessive storage of iron, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream 
B) Excessive storage of hemoglobin, which is transferred from the bloodstream to the cells 
C) Excessive storage of albumin, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream 
D) Excessive storage of amino acids, which are transferred from the cells to the bloodstream 
A) Excessive storage of iron, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream 
B) Excessive storage of hemoglobin, which is transferred from the bloodstream to the cells 
C) Excessive storage of albumin, which is transferred from the cells to the bloodstream 
D) Excessive storage of amino acids, which are transferred from the cells to the bloodstream

Question 13

Chemical injuries initiate biochemical reactions that damage cell membranes by decreasing the permeability of the plasma membrane.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

A) A programmed cell death of scattered, single cells 
B) Characterized by swelling of the nucleus and cytoplasm 
C) Has unpredictable patterns of cell death 
D) Results in benign malignancies 
A) A programmed cell death of scattered, single cells 
B) Characterized by swelling of the nucleus and cytoplasm 
C) Has unpredictable patterns of cell death 
D) Results in benign malignancies

Question 15

Melanin protects skin against long exposure to sunlight and prevents skin cancer.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Dysplasia is a common type of normal cellular adaptation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of:

Accepted Answer

A) sodium and chloride. 
B) potassium. 
C) calcium. 
D) ATP. 
A) sodium and chloride. 
B) potassium. 
C) calcium. 
D) ATP.

Question 18

What effect does fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) have on infants?

Accepted Answer

A) Failure of alveoli to open at birth 
B) Cognitive impairment and facial anomalies 
C) Incompetent semilunar values (e.g., aortic and pulmonic) 
D) Esophageal stricture and short gut syndrome 
A) Failure of alveoli to open at birth 
B) Cognitive impairment and facial anomalies 
C) Incompetent semilunar values (e.g., aortic and pulmonic) 
D) Esophageal stricture and short gut syndrome

Question 19

Match the terms with the corresponding examples. Terms may be used more than once.
-Changes in gonads as hormonal stimulation decreases

Accepted Answer

A) Physiologic atrophy 
B) Pathologic atrophy 
C) Physiologic hypertrophy 
D) Pathologic hypertrophy 
E) Compensatory hyperplasia 
A) Physiologic atrophy 
B) Pathologic atrophy 
C) Physiologic hypertrophy 
D) Pathologic hypertrophy 
E) Compensatory hyperplasia

Question 20

Hemosiderosis is a condition in which excess _________ is stored as hemosiderin in cells of many organs and tissues.

Accepted Answer

A) hemoglobin 
B) ferritin 
C) iron 
D) transferrin 
A) hemoglobin 
B) ferritin 
C) iron 
D) transferrin

Exam 2: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases?

During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why do sodium and water move into the cell?

After ovulation, the uterine endometrial cells divide under the influence of estrogen; this is an example of hormonal:

What type of necrosis is often associated with pulmonary tuberculosis?

What is the single most common cause of cellular injury?

During cell injury caused by hypoxia, why is there an increase in the osmotic pressure within the cell?

How does lead poisoning affect the nervous system?

Acute alcoholism mainly affects the ______________ system.

Match the terms with the corresponding examples. Terms may be used more than once. -Causes myocardial enlargement as a result of dilated cardiac chambers

How does carbon monoxide cause tissue damage?

Match the terms with the corresponding examples. Terms may be used more than once. -Thymus gland changes during childhood

What causes hemoprotein accumulations?

Chemical injuries initiate biochemical reactions that damage cell membranes by decreasing the permeability of the plasma membrane.

Which is a description of the characteristics of apoptosis?

Melanin protects skin against long exposure to sunlight and prevents skin cancer.

Dysplasia is a common type of normal cellular adaptation.

Lead causes damage within the cell by interfering with the action of:

What effect does fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) have on infants?

Match the terms with the corresponding examples. Terms may be used more than once. -Changes in gonads as hormonal stimulation decreases

Hemosiderosis is a condition in which excess _________ is stored as hemosiderin in cells of many organs and tissues.

Cellular Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive System

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adult

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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