Question 1

The most common cause of hypoxia is ischemia.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation?

Accepted Answer

A) Plasma membrane 
B) Mitochondria 
C) DNA 
D) Golgi body 
A) Plasma membrane 
B) Mitochondria 
C) DNA 
D) Golgi body

Question 3

What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise?

Accepted Answer

A) Acoustic trauma and noise-induced 
B) High-frequency and low-frequency 
C) High-frequency and acoustic trauma 
D) Noise-induced and low-frequency 
A) Acoustic trauma and noise-induced 
B) High-frequency and low-frequency 
C) High-frequency and acoustic trauma 
D) Noise-induced and low-frequency

Question 4

In decompression sickness (the "bends"), bubbles of _____ form emboli.

Accepted Answer

A) oxygen 
B) nitrogen 
C) carbon dioxide 
D) hydrogen 
A) oxygen 
B) nitrogen 
C) carbon dioxide 
D) hydrogen

Question 5

When the heart's workload increases, what changes occur to the myocardial cells?

Accepted Answer

A) They divide. 
B) They increase in size. 
C) They increase in number. 
D) They undergo metaplasia. 
A) They divide. 
B) They increase in size. 
C) They increase in number. 
D) They undergo metaplasia.

Question 6

How do free radicals cause cell damage?

Accepted Answer

A) By stealing the cell's oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing hypoxia 
B) By stimulating the release of lysosomal enzymes that digest the cell membranes 
C) By transferring one of its charged, stabilized atoms to the cell membrane causing lysis 
D) By giving up an electron, causing injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane 
A) By stealing the cell's oxygen to stabilize the electron, thus causing hypoxia 
B) By stimulating the release of lysosomal enzymes that digest the cell membranes 
C) By transferring one of its charged, stabilized atoms to the cell membrane causing lysis 
D) By giving up an electron, causing injury to the chemical bonds of the cell membrane

Question 7

What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury?

Accepted Answer

A) Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis. 
B) Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the ATP production. 
C) Edema of the Golgi body occurs, preventing the transport of proteins out of the cell. 
D) Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton. 
A) Enzymatic digestion of the nucleus and nucleolus occurs, halting DNA synthesis. 
B) Influx of potassium ions into the mitochondria occurs, halting the ATP production. 
C) Edema of the Golgi body occurs, preventing the transport of proteins out of the cell. 
D) Shift of calcium out of the plasma membrane occurs, destroying the cytoskeleton.

Question 8

What type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and glial cells?

Accepted Answer

A) Coagulative necrosis 
B) Liquefactive necrosis 
C) Caseous necrosis 
D) Gangrene necrosis 
A) Coagulative necrosis 
B) Liquefactive necrosis 
C) Caseous necrosis 
D) Gangrene necrosis

Question 9

During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells?

Accepted Answer

A) Cells shrink because of the influx of Ca. 
B) Cells shrink because of the influx of KCl. 
C) Cells swell because of the influx of NaCl. 
D) Cells swell because of the influx of NO. 
A) Cells shrink because of the influx of Ca. 
B) Cells shrink because of the influx of KCl. 
C) Cells swell because of the influx of NaCl. 
D) Cells swell because of the influx of NO.

Question 10

What organs are affected by the type of necrosis that results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia or caused by chemical injury?

Accepted Answer

A) Lungs and pulmonary vessels 
B) Brain and spinal cord 
C) Kidneys and heart 
D) Muscles and bones 
A) Lungs and pulmonary vessels 
B) Brain and spinal cord 
C) Kidneys and heart 
D) Muscles and bones

Question 11

In hypoxic injury, why does sodium enter the cell and cause swelling?

Accepted Answer

A) Because the cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypoxia 
B) Because there is insufficient ATP to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell 
C) Because the lactic acid produced by the hypoxia binds with sodium within the cell 
D) Because sodium cannot be transported in the cytosol to the cell membrane during hypoxia 
A) Because the cell membrane permeability increases for sodium during periods of hypoxia 
B) Because there is insufficient ATP to maintain the pump that keeps sodium out of the cell 
C) Because the lactic acid produced by the hypoxia binds with sodium within the cell 
D) Because sodium cannot be transported in the cytosol to the cell membrane during hypoxia

Question 12

Irreversible damage to the myocardium can be detected by elevation in the contractile protein called troponin, which is released from the myocardial muscle.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 2: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology

The most common cause of hypoxia is ischemia.

Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation?

What two types of hearing loss are associated with noise?

In decompression sickness (the "bends"), bubbles of _____ form emboli.

When the heart's workload increases, what changes occur to the myocardial cells?

How do free radicals cause cell damage?

What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomal enzymes during chemical injury?

What type of necrosis results from ischemia of neurons and glial cells?

During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells?

What organs are affected by the type of necrosis that results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia or caused by chemical injury?

In hypoxic injury, why does sodium enter the cell and cause swelling?

Irreversible damage to the myocardium can be detected by elevation in the contractile protein called troponin, which is released from the myocardial muscle.

Cellular Biology

The Cellular Environment: Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases

Genes and Genetic Diseases

Genes, Environment, and Common Diseases

Innate Immunity: Inflammation

Adaptive Immunity

Alterations in Immunity and Inflammation

Infection

Stress and Disease

Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer

Cancer Epidemiology

Cancer in Children

Structure and Function of the Neurologic System

Pain, Temperature Regulation, Sleep, and Sensory Function

Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics and Motor Function

Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and the Neuromuscular Junction

Neurobiology of Schizophrenia, Mood Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders

Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children

Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation

Alterations of Hormonal Regulation

Structure and Function of the Reproductive System

Alterations of the Reproductive Systems

Sexually Transmitted Infections

Structure and Function of the Hematologic System

Alterations of Erythrocyte Function

Alterations of Leukocyte, Lymphoid, and Hemostatic Function

Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function

Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Alterations of Pulmonary Function

Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function

Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Digestive System

Alterations of Digestive Function

Alterations of Digestive Function in Children

Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function

Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children

Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument

Alterations of the Integument in Children

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Adult

Shock, Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome, and Burns in Children

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