Question 1

Which of the following chemical bonds do you think Nakano is referring to in his quote?

Accepted Answer

A) peptide 
B) glycosidic 
C) phosphodiester 
D) ionic 
A) peptide 
B) glycosidic 
C) phosphodiester 
D) ionic C

Question 2

The "information system" of the cell involves stable genetic information being stored as ________,which can be used to make a "disposable" (relatively short-lived)copy of this information as ________.

Accepted Answer

A) RNA;DNA 
B) DNA;DNA 
C) DNA;RNA 
D) RNA;RNA 
A) RNA;DNA 
B) DNA;DNA 
C) DNA;RNA 
D) RNA;RNA C

Question 3

What is the difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxyribonucleotide?

Accepted Answer

A) Ribonucleotides contain a phosphate group. 
B) Ribonucleotides have a hydroxyl group on the 2 carbon of their sugar subunit. 
C) Ribonucleotides contain a sugar with five carbon atoms. 
D) Ribonucleotides have a hydrogen atom on the 1 carbon of their sugar subunit. 
A) Ribonucleotides contain a phosphate group. 
B) Ribonucleotides have a hydroxyl group on the 2 carbon of their sugar subunit. 
C) Ribonucleotides contain a sugar with five carbon atoms. 
D) Ribonucleotides have a hydrogen atom on the 1 carbon of their sugar subunit. B

Question 4

Which of the following is not a difference between RNA and DNA?

Accepted Answer

A) One is typically single stranded and the other is typically double stranded. 
B) One contains uracil and the other does not. 
C) One contains ribose sugar and the other contains deoxyribose sugar. 
D) One is made from nucleotide monomers and the other is not. 
A) One is typically single stranded and the other is typically double stranded. 
B) One contains uracil and the other does not. 
C) One contains ribose sugar and the other contains deoxyribose sugar. 
D) One is made from nucleotide monomers and the other is not.

Question 5

What forms the "backbone" of a nucleic acid?

Accepted Answer

A) a chain of sugar and phosphate groups,linked through phosphodiester bonds 
B) purine and pyrimidine pairs,hydrogen-bonded to each other 
C) a chain of amino and carboxyl groups,linked via peptide bonds 
D) a double helix of antiparallel strands 
A) a chain of sugar and phosphate groups,linked through phosphodiester bonds 
B) purine and pyrimidine pairs,hydrogen-bonded to each other 
C) a chain of amino and carboxyl groups,linked via peptide bonds 
D) a double helix of antiparallel strands

Question 6

Which of the following nitrogenous bases are purines?

Accepted Answer

A) cytosine and uracil 
B) cytosine and thymine 
C) cytosine,uracil,and thymine 
D) adenine and guanine 
A) cytosine and uracil 
B) cytosine and thymine 
C) cytosine,uracil,and thymine 
D) adenine and guanine

Question 7

Nucleic acids are polymers made up of which of the following monomers?

Accepted Answer

A) nucleotides 
B) sugars 
C) amino acids 
D) nitrogenous bases 
A) nucleotides 
B) sugars 
C) amino acids 
D) nitrogenous bases

Question 8

Although DNA is the main hereditary material in all life-forms,it lacks one important characteristic to make it a candidate for the first life-form.Why have researchers rejected the idea that DNA was found in the first life-form?

Accepted Answer

A) It does not function as a catalyst. 
B) It is not stable enough to have withstood early Earth's harsh atmosphere. 
C) Because it has only four different bases,it does not carry enough information;therefore,it cannot adapt and evolve. 
D) The type of sugar found in DNA is much too complicated to have been present early in Earth's history. 
A) It does not function as a catalyst. 
B) It is not stable enough to have withstood early Earth's harsh atmosphere. 
C) Because it has only four different bases,it does not carry enough information;therefore,it cannot adapt and evolve. 
D) The type of sugar found in DNA is much too complicated to have been present early in Earth's history.

Question 9

Which factors contributed to the lack of credit often given to Rosalind Franklin in the discovery of the structure of DNA?

Accepted Answer

A) Wilkins showed her photographs to Watson and Crick without her knowledge or permission. 
B) She died at an early age so her career was shortened. 
C) She was a woman working in a field dominated by men when sexism was more common. 
D) All of the above apply. 
A) Wilkins showed her photographs to Watson and Crick without her knowledge or permission. 
B) She died at an early age so her career was shortened. 
C) She was a woman working in a field dominated by men when sexism was more common. 
D) All of the above apply.

Question 10

What is gel electrophoresis used for?

Accepted Answer

A) to denature proteins for further analysis 
B) to separate macromolecules by size or charge 
C) to separate the two helices that make up the DNA double helix 
D) to identify the first self-replicating molecule that formed during chemical evolution 
A) to denature proteins for further analysis 
B) to separate macromolecules by size or charge 
C) to separate the two helices that make up the DNA double helix 
D) to identify the first self-replicating molecule that formed during chemical evolution

Question 11

Bartel's research group showed that an RNA replicase ribozyme could be created by

Accepted Answer

A) carefully synthesizing a novel ribozyme monomer by monomer based on the sequence of known ribozymes. 
B) creating large numbers of random RNA segments and testing each one to see if any replicase activity was present. 
C) starting with random components and allowing natural selection to evolve molecules that were better and better at replicating. 
D) examining protein replicases and reverse-engineering an RNA molecule capable of doing the same job. 
A) carefully synthesizing a novel ribozyme monomer by monomer based on the sequence of known ribozymes. 
B) creating large numbers of random RNA segments and testing each one to see if any replicase activity was present. 
C) starting with random components and allowing natural selection to evolve molecules that were better and better at replicating. 
D) examining protein replicases and reverse-engineering an RNA molecule capable of doing the same job.

Question 12

In the secondary structure of DNA,the α-helical twists are organized into

Accepted Answer

A) major and minor grooves. 
B) large and small grooves. 
C) major and small grooves. 
D) large and minor grooves. 
A) major and minor grooves. 
B) large and small grooves. 
C) major and small grooves. 
D) large and minor grooves.

Question 13

Why do many researchers consider RNA to be the best candidate for the first life-form?

Accepted Answer

A) It is simple in structure. 
B) It is capable of self-replication and catalysis. 
C) It carries more information than any other molecule. 
D) All of its nucleotide components have been created under laboratory conditions that mimic early Earth. 
A) It is simple in structure. 
B) It is capable of self-replication and catalysis. 
C) It carries more information than any other molecule. 
D) All of its nucleotide components have been created under laboratory conditions that mimic early Earth.

Question 14

If DNA is heated to 95°C,the bonds between complementary strands break,resulting in two single strands of DNA.In this process,which bases will separate first because they have less hydrogen bonds between them?

Accepted Answer

A) adenine and cytosine 
B) adenine and thymine 
C) guanine and cytosine 
D) guanine and thymine 
A) adenine and cytosine 
B) adenine and thymine 
C) guanine and cytosine 
D) guanine and thymine

Question 15

What does it mean when some bands on an autoradiograph are darker than others?

Accepted Answer

A) The concentration of the radioactive molecule in that band is higher. 
B) This is normal because most of the radioactivity migrates to the same place. 
C) The experiment failed because the radioactivity should be evenly distributed throughout the gel. 
D) The darker bands represent larger molecules. 
A) The concentration of the radioactive molecule in that band is higher. 
B) This is normal because most of the radioactivity migrates to the same place. 
C) The experiment failed because the radioactivity should be evenly distributed throughout the gel. 
D) The darker bands represent larger molecules.

Question 16

The term ribozyme describes what property of RNA molecules?

Accepted Answer

A) single-stranded 
B) catalytic 
C) its shape 
D) the fact that part of RNA molecules can be double-stranded similar to DNA 
A) single-stranded 
B) catalytic 
C) its shape 
D) the fact that part of RNA molecules can be double-stranded similar to DNA

Question 17

In the acid-base reaction described in the preceding paragraph,a proton (H+)is being transferred.What is acting as the proton acceptor?

Accepted Answer

A) cytosine 
B) magnesium hydroxide 
C) the virus 
D) A,B,or C.Any one of these can act as the acceptor. 
A) cytosine 
B) magnesium hydroxide 
C) the virus 
D) A,B,or C.Any one of these can act as the acceptor.

Question 18

Which of the following includes all of the pyrimidines found in RNA and/or DNA?

Accepted Answer

A) cytosine and uracil 
B) cytosine and thymine 
C) cytosine,uracil,and thymine 
D) cytosine,uracil,and guanine 
A) cytosine and uracil 
B) cytosine and thymine 
C) cytosine,uracil,and thymine 
D) cytosine,uracil,and guanine

Question 19

A nucleotide is made up of which of the following subunits?

Accepted Answer

A) a 5-carbon sugar,a phosphate group,and a nitrogenous base 
B) a 5-carbon sugar and a phosphate group 
C) a 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base 
D) a 5-carbon sugar,an amino group,and an "R-group" 
A) a 5-carbon sugar,a phosphate group,and a nitrogenous base 
B) a 5-carbon sugar and a phosphate group 
C) a 5-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base 
D) a 5-carbon sugar,an amino group,and an "R-group"

Question 20

If the cytosine is positively charged (+)before self-cleavage,what would its charge be after self-cleavage?

Accepted Answer

A) + (positive) 
B) - (negative) 
C) 0 (neutral) 
D) no way to predict 
A) + (positive) 
B) - (negative) 
C) 0 (neutral) 
D) no way to predict

Exam 4: Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

Which of the following chemical bonds do you think Nakano is referring to in his quote?

The "information system" of the cell involves stable genetic information being stored as ________,which can be used to make a "disposable" (relatively short-lived)copy of this information as ________.

What is the difference between a ribonucleotide and a deoxyribonucleotide?

Which of the following is not a difference between RNA and DNA?

What forms the "backbone" of a nucleic acid?

Which of the following nitrogenous bases are purines?

Nucleic acids are polymers made up of which of the following monomers?

Although DNA is the main hereditary material in all life-forms,it lacks one important characteristic to make it a candidate for the first life-form.Why have researchers rejected the idea that DNA was found in the first life-form?

Which factors contributed to the lack of credit often given to Rosalind Franklin in the discovery of the structure of DNA?

What is gel electrophoresis used for?

Bartel's research group showed that an RNA replicase ribozyme could be created by

In the secondary structure of DNA,the α-helical twists are organized into

Why do many researchers consider RNA to be the best candidate for the first life-form?

If DNA is heated to 95°C,the bonds between complementary strands break,resulting in two single strands of DNA.In this process,which bases will separate first because they have less hydrogen bonds between them?

What does it mean when some bands on an autoradiograph are darker than others?

The term ribozyme describes what property of RNA molecules?

In the acid-base reaction described in the preceding paragraph,a proton (H+)is being transferred.What is acting as the proton acceptor?

Which of the following includes all of the pyrimidines found in RNA and/or DNA?

A nucleotide is made up of which of the following subunits?

If the cytosine is positively charged (+)before self-cleavage,what would its charge be after self-cleavage?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioural Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

Filters

The "information system" of the cell involves stable genetic information being stored as ,which can be used to make a "disposable" (relatively short-lived)copy of this information as .