Question 1

Which of the following is a difference between Class I and Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)proteins?

Accepted Answer

A) Class I MHC proteins can be found on most cell types and signals that this cell has been compromised,while Class II proteins are found on cells of the immune system and are designed to activate immune responses. 
B) Class I MHC proteins are added to antigens in the cytoplasm,while Class II proteins are added to antigens in the Golgi apparatus. 
C) Class I MHC proteins signal the immune system to activate the cell displaying the message,while Class II proteins signal the immune system to destroy a particular cell. 
D) Class I and Class II MHC proteins have the same basic role,but individuals with particularly strong immune systems will have both types while most individuals have just one or the other. 
A) Class I MHC proteins can be found on most cell types and signals that this cell has been compromised,while Class II proteins are found on cells of the immune system and are designed to activate immune responses. 
B) Class I MHC proteins are added to antigens in the cytoplasm,while Class II proteins are added to antigens in the Golgi apparatus. 
C) Class I MHC proteins signal the immune system to activate the cell displaying the message,while Class II proteins signal the immune system to destroy a particular cell. 
D) Class I and Class II MHC proteins have the same basic role,but individuals with particularly strong immune systems will have both types while most individuals have just one or the other. A

Question 2

Which of the following components of the immune system destroys bacteria in a way similar to an antitank weapon destroying armored military tanks by punching holes in the wall of the bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A) complement protein 
B) macrophages 
C) plasma cells 
D) major histocompatibility complex proteins 
A) complement protein 
B) macrophages 
C) plasma cells 
D) major histocompatibility complex proteins A

Question 3

What do neutrophils and macrophages have in common?

Accepted Answer

A) Both ingest and kill bacteria. 
B) Both arrive simultaneously at a wound site. 
C) Both secrete cytokines. 
D) Both secrete lysozymes. 
A) Both ingest and kill bacteria. 
B) Both arrive simultaneously at a wound site. 
C) Both secrete cytokines. 
D) Both secrete lysozymes. A

Question 4

Lymphocytes are formed in what organ(s)?

Accepted Answer

A) spleen 
B) thymus 
C) bone marrow 
D) both A and C 
E) both B and C 
A) spleen 
B) thymus 
C) bone marrow 
D) both A and C 
E) both B and C

Question 5

You are playing a new video game that is based on the human immune system.The player is inside a human,and you must successfully fend off invading pathogens in a quest to find the "Golden Antibody." At level 1,your arsenal for fighting off pathogens consists only of the innate immunity leukocytes and their various secretions.If the enemy has killed off most of your neutrophils and macrophages,which of the following should you utilize to recruit more of these leukocytes to the battle?

Accepted Answer

A) histamine 
B) platelets 
C) reactive oxygen species 
D) cytokines 
E) bone marrow 
A) histamine 
B) platelets 
C) reactive oxygen species 
D) cytokines 
E) bone marrow

Question 6

Mast cells can both constrict and dilate blood vessels after injury.Which of the following best explains why both of these events occur shortly after tissue is injured?

Accepted Answer

A) Different blood vessels respond to the same messenger from mast cells in different ways-for example,larger vessels constrict to reduce blood loss while smaller ones dilate to promote blood flow to the injured tissue. 
B) Mast cells release different chemical messengers,one that causes constriction in the region of blood loss,and another that causes dilation away from the injury to promote quicker healing. 
C) Mast cells release one chemical messenger immediately after injury that constricts vessels to promote clotting;after bleeding has stopped,they release another messenger that causes those same vessels to dilate,which increases blood flow to promote healing. 
D) Mast cells release different chemical messengers,one that causes vessels away from the site of the injury to constrict to control blood loss,and another that causes vessels near the injury to dilate to promote quicker healing. 
A) Different blood vessels respond to the same messenger from mast cells in different ways-for example,larger vessels constrict to reduce blood loss while smaller ones dilate to promote blood flow to the injured tissue. 
B) Mast cells release different chemical messengers,one that causes constriction in the region of blood loss,and another that causes dilation away from the injury to promote quicker healing. 
C) Mast cells release one chemical messenger immediately after injury that constricts vessels to promote clotting;after bleeding has stopped,they release another messenger that causes those same vessels to dilate,which increases blood flow to promote healing. 
D) Mast cells release different chemical messengers,one that causes vessels away from the site of the injury to constrict to control blood loss,and another that causes vessels near the injury to dilate to promote quicker healing.

Question 7

Which of the following statements about epitopes is false?

Accepted Answer

A) B-cell receptors bind to epitopes. 
B) T-cell receptors bind to epitopes. 
C) There can be 10 or more different epitopes on each antigen. 
D) There is a one-to-one correspondence between antigen and epitope. 
A) B-cell receptors bind to epitopes. 
B) T-cell receptors bind to epitopes. 
C) There can be 10 or more different epitopes on each antigen. 
D) There is a one-to-one correspondence between antigen and epitope.

Question 8

A certain cell type has existed in the blood and tissue of its vertebrate host's immune system for over 20 years.One day,it recognizes a newly arrived antigen and binds to it,subsequently triggering a secondary immune response in the body.Which of the following cell types most accurately describes this cell?

Accepted Answer

A) B cell 
B) T cell 
C) memory cell 
D) secondary cell 
A) B cell 
B) T cell 
C) memory cell 
D) secondary cell

Question 9

A boy falls while riding his bike.A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red,warm,and swollen.What response is occurring?

Accepted Answer

A) innate immune response 
B) acquired immune response 
C) inflammation 
D) both A and C 
E) both B and C 
A) innate immune response 
B) acquired immune response 
C) inflammation 
D) both A and C 
E) both B and C

Question 10

Which of the following are effective treatments for some allergic reactions?

Accepted Answer

A) antihistamines 
B) epinephrine 
C) corticosteroids 
D) all of the above 
E) both A and B 
A) antihistamines 
B) epinephrine 
C) corticosteroids 
D) all of the above 
E) both A and B

Question 11

What kind of immune responses do insects have?

Accepted Answer

A) innate immunity only 
B) innate and acquired immunity similar to that of vertebrates 
C) acquired immunity only 
D) innate and acquired immunity,but the acquired immune system has fewer cells than that of vertebrates 
A) innate immunity only 
B) innate and acquired immunity similar to that of vertebrates 
C) acquired immunity only 
D) innate and acquired immunity,but the acquired immune system has fewer cells than that of vertebrates

Question 12

Which of the following statements is not fundamental to the clonal-selection theory of how the acquired immune system functions?

Accepted Answer

A) Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen. 
B) When the lymphocyte binds an antigen,it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself. 
C) Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen. 
D) Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated. 
A) Each lymphocyte has a unique membrane receptor that recognizes one antigen. 
B) When the lymphocyte binds an antigen,it is activated and begins dividing to form many identical copies of itself. 
C) Cloned lymphocytes have slight differences and are selected by the spleen for removal if they do not bind an antigen. 
D) Cloned cells descend from an activated lymphocyte and persist even after the pathogen is eliminated.

Question 13

Which of the following is true of the allergic response?

Accepted Answer

A) Sufferers produce the IgE class of gamma globulins in response to allergens. 
B) Upon the very first exposure to an allergen,an allergy sufferer will probably experience a runny nose,watery eyes,and mild wheezing. 
C) It is a normal,healthy,adaptive response to an allergen. 
D) All of the above answers are true. 
A) Sufferers produce the IgE class of gamma globulins in response to allergens. 
B) Upon the very first exposure to an allergen,an allergy sufferer will probably experience a runny nose,watery eyes,and mild wheezing. 
C) It is a normal,healthy,adaptive response to an allergen. 
D) All of the above answers are true.

Question 14

Home blood typing kits reveal an individual's blood type by interpreting how blood reacts when exposed to antibodies.Which of the following is studied to interpret the results using these types of kits?

Accepted Answer

A) complementation 
B) agglutination 
C) hypersensitivity 
D) autoimmunity 
A) complementation 
B) agglutination 
C) hypersensitivity 
D) autoimmunity

Question 15

What causes rejection by the body's immune system after a transplant of an improperly matched organ?

Accepted Answer

A) non-self proteins in the tissue 
B) the presence of foreign MHC proteins on the donor tissue 
C) antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)responding to foreign tissue 
D) all of the above 
E) A and C only 
A) non-self proteins in the tissue 
B) the presence of foreign MHC proteins on the donor tissue 
C) antibodies and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs)responding to foreign tissue 
D) all of the above 
E) A and C only

Question 16

Which of the following is crucial to activation of the acquired immune response?

Accepted Answer

A) memory cells 
B) presentation of MHC-antigen complex on a cell surface 
C) somatic hypermutation 
D) phagocytosis of antibody-antigen complex by macrophages in the blood (the humoral response) 
A) memory cells 
B) presentation of MHC-antigen complex on a cell surface 
C) somatic hypermutation 
D) phagocytosis of antibody-antigen complex by macrophages in the blood (the humoral response)

Question 17

Which of the following is true of the humoral immune response and NOT true of the cell-mediated immune response?

Accepted Answer

A) involves T cells at some level 
B) require CD8⁺ cells for activation 
C) involves destroying entire cells and not just the pathogen 
D) uses antibodies as its main weapon 
E) All of these answers are true of the humoral immune response and not true of the cell-mediated immune response. 
A) involves T cells at some level 
B) require CD8⁺ cells for activation 
C) involves destroying entire cells and not just the pathogen 
D) uses antibodies as its main weapon 
E) All of these answers are true of the humoral immune response and not true of the cell-mediated immune response.

Question 18

What would be the consequence(s)of a mutation that did not allow for selection against self-responding lymphocytes (those that respond against self)?

Accepted Answer

A) The immune system would fail and the individual would catch many illnesses. 
B) This would likely be a fatal condition as the lymphocytes would attack all self cells. 
C) The lymphocytes would be more likely to recognize antigens they had previously been exposed to. 
A) The immune system would fail and the individual would catch many illnesses. 
B) This would likely be a fatal condition as the lymphocytes would attack all self cells. 
C) The lymphocytes would be more likely to recognize antigens they had previously been exposed to.

Question 19

It is commonly know that breast milk provides many benefits to a newborn baby because it provides immune benefits.Which of the following immunoglobulins play a role in this?

Accepted Answer

A) IgG 
B) IgA 
C) IgE 
D) IgM 
A) IgG 
B) IgA 
C) IgE 
D) IgM

Question 20

Your sister-in-law never gets sick,while her male neighbour seems to be sick all the time.Although there are several explanations for this,one is that they are genetically different.Which of the following hypotheses concerning genetic inheritance of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)is consistent with this observation and your understanding of the immune system as described in the text?

Accepted Answer

A) MHC inheritance works like normal Mendelian genetics in the sense that there are dominant traits and recessive traits,and in the case of MHC,those with the dominant trait (including both those who are heterozygous and homozygous dominant)produce more normal MHC proteins and are healthier than those with the recessive trait (homozygous recessive). 
B) In the case of MHC,it is beneficial to have as many different alleles as possible,so heterozygous individuals are healthier than homozygous dominant or recessive individuals. 
C) MHC proteins are often closely associated with small antigen particles that have been broken off the main pathogen,so that individuals who are recessive for MHC don't normally have many illnesses because they don't produce these MHC-antigen complexes. 
D) MHC inheritance is X-linked and thus males will have a higher percentage of weak immune systems than females do. 
A) MHC inheritance works like normal Mendelian genetics in the sense that there are dominant traits and recessive traits,and in the case of MHC,those with the dominant trait (including both those who are heterozygous and homozygous dominant)produce more normal MHC proteins and are healthier than those with the recessive trait (homozygous recessive). 
B) In the case of MHC,it is beneficial to have as many different alleles as possible,so heterozygous individuals are healthier than homozygous dominant or recessive individuals. 
C) MHC proteins are often closely associated with small antigen particles that have been broken off the main pathogen,so that individuals who are recessive for MHC don't normally have many illnesses because they don't produce these MHC-antigen complexes. 
D) MHC inheritance is X-linked and thus males will have a higher percentage of weak immune systems than females do.

Exam 49: The Immune System in Animals

Which of the following is a difference between Class I and Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC)proteins?

Which of the following components of the immune system destroys bacteria in a way similar to an antitank weapon destroying armored military tanks by punching holes in the wall of the bacteria?

What do neutrophils and macrophages have in common?

Lymphocytes are formed in what organ(s)?

Mast cells can both constrict and dilate blood vessels after injury.Which of the following best explains why both of these events occur shortly after tissue is injured?

Which of the following statements about epitopes is false?

A boy falls while riding his bike.A scrape on his hand almost immediately begins to bleed and becomes red,warm,and swollen.What response is occurring?

Which of the following are effective treatments for some allergic reactions?

What kind of immune responses do insects have?

Which of the following statements is not fundamental to the clonal-selection theory of how the acquired immune system functions?

Which of the following is true of the allergic response?

Home blood typing kits reveal an individual's blood type by interpreting how blood reacts when exposed to antibodies.Which of the following is studied to interpret the results using these types of kits?

What causes rejection by the body's immune system after a transplant of an improperly matched organ?

Which of the following is crucial to activation of the acquired immune response?

Which of the following is true of the humoral immune response and NOT true of the cell-mediated immune response?

What would be the consequence(s)of a mutation that did not allow for selection against self-responding lymphocytes (those that respond against self)?

It is commonly know that breast milk provides many benefits to a newborn baby because it provides immune benefits.Which of the following immunoglobulins play a role in this?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioural Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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