Question 1

Vestigial traits and neutral changes in DNA sequences are good examples of

Accepted Answer

A) adaptation. 
B) acclimation. 
C) convergent traits. 
D) nonadaptive traits. 
E) developmental homology. 
A) adaptation. 
B) acclimation. 
C) convergent traits. 
D) nonadaptive traits. 
E) developmental homology. D

Question 2

Gill pouches in chick,human,and house-cat embryos are an example of

Accepted Answer

A) structural homology. 
B) developmental homology. 
C) genetic homology. 
D) the inheritance of acquired characters. 
A) structural homology. 
B) developmental homology. 
C) genetic homology. 
D) the inheritance of acquired characters. B

Question 3

Figure 24.1 The following question(s)are based on information in Hopi E. Hoekstra, Kristen E. Drumm, and Michael W. Nachman, "Ecological Genetics of Adaptive Color Polymorphism in Pocket Mice: Geographic Variation in Selected and Neutral Genes," Evolution 58(6), 2004: 1329-41.
  
-The figure above shows the distribution of pocket-mouse coat colors in several Arizona populations found either on light-colored granite substrate or on dark volcanic rock (dark substrate).The Melanocortin-1 receptor (Mc1r)alleles,D and d,differ by four amino acids.Mice with DD and Dd genotypes have dark coats,whereas mice with the dd genotype are light colored.What sort of genotype frequencies might you expect to find in the Xmas,Mid,and O'Neill populations?

Accepted Answer

A) Xmas-high DD frequency;Mid-high Dd frequency,O'Neill-high dd frequency 
B) Xmas-high Dd frequency;Mid-high DD frequency,O'Neill-high dd frequency 
C) Xmas-high Dd frequency;Mid-high dd frequency,O'Neill-high DD frequency 
D) Xmas-high dd frequency;Mid-high Dd frequency,O'Neill-high DD frequency 
E) Xmas-high dd frequency;Mid-high DD frequency,O'Neill-high Dd frequency 
A) Xmas-high DD frequency;Mid-high Dd frequency,O'Neill-high dd frequency 
B) Xmas-high Dd frequency;Mid-high DD frequency,O'Neill-high dd frequency 
C) Xmas-high Dd frequency;Mid-high dd frequency,O'Neill-high DD frequency 
D) Xmas-high dd frequency;Mid-high Dd frequency,O'Neill-high DD frequency 
E) Xmas-high dd frequency;Mid-high DD frequency,O'Neill-high Dd frequency E

Question 4

The changes in the commercially popular fish populations' life history traits is an example of what type of selection pressure?

Accepted Answer

A) strong 
B) weak 
C) neutral 
A) strong 
B) weak 
C) neutral

Question 5

Figure 24.1 The following question(s)are based on information in Hopi E. Hoekstra, Kristen E. Drumm, and Michael W. Nachman, "Ecological Genetics of Adaptive Color Polymorphism in Pocket Mice: Geographic Variation in Selected and Neutral Genes," Evolution 58(6), 2004: 1329-41.
  
-Refer to Figure 24.1.In their investigation of natural selection on Mc1r alleles (the gene that determines coat color)in Arizona pocket mice,Hoekstra et al.determined the frequency of the D and d alleles in each population.They also determined the frequency of alleles for two neutral mitochondrial DNA genes (genes that do not affect and are not linked to coat color).Why did the researchers include the mitochondrial DNA genes as part of their experimental design?

Accepted Answer

A) Allele change for the neutral mitochondrial genes serves as an experimental group and gives information on any general background genetic difference among these populations. 
B) Allele change for the neutral mitochondrial genes serves as a control and determines coat-color differences among these populations. 
C) Allele change for the neutral mitochondrial genes serves as an experimental group and gives information on coat-color differences among these populations. 
D) Allele change for the neutral mitochondrial genes serves as a control and gives information on any general background genetic difference among these populations. 
E) None of the above answers apply. 
A) Allele change for the neutral mitochondrial genes serves as an experimental group and gives information on any general background genetic difference among these populations. 
B) Allele change for the neutral mitochondrial genes serves as a control and determines coat-color differences among these populations. 
C) Allele change for the neutral mitochondrial genes serves as an experimental group and gives information on coat-color differences among these populations. 
D) Allele change for the neutral mitochondrial genes serves as a control and gives information on any general background genetic difference among these populations. 
E) None of the above answers apply.

Question 6

A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field.For the first few years,the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies;but after several years,the farmer sees more and more pigweed.Which of these explanations best describes this observation?

Accepted Answer

A) The herbicide company lost its triazine formula and started selling poor-quality triazine. 
B) Natural selection caused the pigweed to mutate,creating a new triazine-resistant species. 
C) Triazine-resistant pigweed has less-efficient photosynthesis metabolism. 
D) Only triazine-resistant weeds survived and reproduced,so each year more pigweed was triazine-resistant. 
A) The herbicide company lost its triazine formula and started selling poor-quality triazine. 
B) Natural selection caused the pigweed to mutate,creating a new triazine-resistant species. 
C) Triazine-resistant pigweed has less-efficient photosynthesis metabolism. 
D) Only triazine-resistant weeds survived and reproduced,so each year more pigweed was triazine-resistant.

Question 7

Researchers have found fossils of Eocene horse species in Colorado.Deeper deposits contain smaller species,and more recent deposits contain larger species.How does this observation support the theory of evolution?

Accepted Answer

A) It suggests that species are unchanging and of recent origin. 
B) It proves that environments have changed over time. 
C) It provides evidence that species change over time. 
D) It shows that all species are related to each other. 
E) It does not support the theory of evolution. 
A) It suggests that species are unchanging and of recent origin. 
B) It proves that environments have changed over time. 
C) It provides evidence that species change over time. 
D) It shows that all species are related to each other. 
E) It does not support the theory of evolution.

Question 8

Claytonia virginica is a woodland spring herb with flowers that vary from white to pale pink to bright pink.Slugs prefer to eat pink-flowering over white-flowering plants (due to chemical differences between the two),and plants experiencing severe herbivory are more likely to die.The bees that pollinate this plant also prefer pink to white flowers,so that Claytonia with pink flowers have a greater relative fruit set than Claytonia with white flowers.A researcher observes that the percentage of different flower colors remains stable in the study population from year to year.If the researcher removes all slugs from the study population,what do you expect to happen to the distribution of flower colors in the population over time?

Accepted Answer

A) The percentage of pink flowers should increase over time. 
B) The percentage of white flowers should increase over time. 
C) The distribution of flower colors should not change. 
D) The distribution of flower colors should randomly fluctuate over time. 
A) The percentage of pink flowers should increase over time. 
B) The percentage of white flowers should increase over time. 
C) The distribution of flower colors should not change. 
D) The distribution of flower colors should randomly fluctuate over time.

Question 9

Which of the following has the highest Darwinian fitness?

Accepted Answer

A) A personal trainer who works out at the gym every day 
B) A scientist who devotes herself to science and wins the Nobel Prize 
C) A sperm donor who anonymously fathers 52 children 
D) A woman who home schools her two children 
A) A personal trainer who works out at the gym every day 
B) A scientist who devotes herself to science and wins the Nobel Prize 
C) A sperm donor who anonymously fathers 52 children 
D) A woman who home schools her two children

Question 10

After the drought of 1977,researchers hypothesized that on Daphne Major,medium ground finches with large,deep beaks survived better than those with smaller beaks because they could more easily crack and eat the tough Tribulus cistoides fruits.If this hypothesis is true,what would you expect to observe if a population of these medium ground finches colonizes a nearby island where Tribulus cistoides is the primary available food in all years? Assume that (1)even the survivors of the 1977 drought sometimes had difficulty cracking the tough T.cistoides fruits and would eat other seeds when offered a choice,and (2)food availability is the primary limit on finch fitness on this new island.

Accepted Answer

A) evolution of yet larger,deeper beaks over time 
B) evolution of smaller,pointier beaks over time 
C) random fluctuations in beak size and shape 
D) no change in beak size and shape 
A) evolution of yet larger,deeper beaks over time 
B) evolution of smaller,pointier beaks over time 
C) random fluctuations in beak size and shape 
D) no change in beak size and shape

Question 11

A patient has finished his treatment for a bacterial infection with an antibiotic and feels better.However,four days later the same bacterial infection returns.The doctor prescribes the same course of antibiotics,but this time these antibiotics do not cure the patient.What would be the most likely reason for this?

Accepted Answer

A) The antibiotic was quickly metabolized by the patient and did not have time to work. 
B) The non-resistant bacteria evolved within these four days so that the drug became ineffective. 
C) The patient was not treated in time and so the infection became too severe. 
D) The drug killed most of the bacteria in the population,but a few survived due to the presence of a resistance gene,and were subsequently able to reproduce and pass this gene onto their offspring. 
A) The antibiotic was quickly metabolized by the patient and did not have time to work. 
B) The non-resistant bacteria evolved within these four days so that the drug became ineffective. 
C) The patient was not treated in time and so the infection became too severe. 
D) The drug killed most of the bacteria in the population,but a few survived due to the presence of a resistance gene,and were subsequently able to reproduce and pass this gene onto their offspring.

Question 12

Explain how one of the following supports the idea that species change through time: artificial selection,extinction,transitional forms,vestigial traits,or antibiotic resistance.

Accepted Answer

Artificial selection shows us that by se

Question 13

Which of the following scientists argued that variation among individuals allows evolution to occur?

Accepted Answer

A) Aristotle 
B) Lamarck 
C) Linnaeus 
D) Wallace 
A) Aristotle 
B) Lamarck 
C) Linnaeus 
D) Wallace

Question 14

Tourist companies start visiting Island X,where the new colony of medium ground finches (see previous question)feeds on the tough-fruited Tribulus cistoides.The tourist companies set up reliable feeding stations with a variety of bird seeds (different types and sizes),so that tourists can get a better look at the finches.Which of these events is now most likely to occur to finch beaks on Island X?

Accepted Answer

A) evolution of yet larger,deeper beaks over time,until all birds have relatively large,deep beaks 
B) evolution of smaller,pointier beaks over time,until all birds have relatively small,pointy beaks 
C) increased variation in beak size and shape over time 
D) no change in beak size and shape over time 
A) evolution of yet larger,deeper beaks over time,until all birds have relatively large,deep beaks 
B) evolution of smaller,pointier beaks over time,until all birds have relatively small,pointy beaks 
C) increased variation in beak size and shape over time 
D) no change in beak size and shape over time

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of acclimation?

Accepted Answer

A) Some hemoglobins have a higher affinity for oxygen than others. 
B) Some animals grow thicker coats when exposed to low temperatures. 
C) Some bacteria can use the energy from sunlight to make sugars. 
D) Some plant species can absorb nitrogen better than others can. 
E) Some fungi are larger than others are. 
A) Some hemoglobins have a higher affinity for oxygen than others. 
B) Some animals grow thicker coats when exposed to low temperatures. 
C) Some bacteria can use the energy from sunlight to make sugars. 
D) Some plant species can absorb nitrogen better than others can. 
E) Some fungi are larger than others are.

Question 16

You sequence the genes that code for an important glycolytic enzyme in a moth,a mushroom,a worm,and an alga,and find a high degree of sequence similarity among these distantly related species.This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) structural homology. 
B) developmental homology. 
C) genetic homology. 
D) analogy/convergent evolution. 
A) structural homology. 
B) developmental homology. 
C) genetic homology. 
D) analogy/convergent evolution.

Question 17

Figure 24.3
In Figure 24.3,chart X above shows the frequency of the most common neutral mitochondrial DNA allele (an allele for a gene that does not affect and is not linked to coat color)across six pocket-mouse populations.Populations C,D,and E live on dark volcanic rock;populations A,B,and F live on light-colored granite.Compare this figure with chart Y above.What should you conclude after comparing these two figures?
A)The most common neutral mitochondrial DNA allele is strongly associated with substrate color.
B)The most common neutral mitochondrial DNA allele is strongly associated with the frequency of the Mc1r D allele.
C)The most common neutral mitochondrial DNA allele varies more among populations than the Mc1r D allele.
D)Little to no correlation exists between neutral mitochondrial DNA alleles and habitat color.

Accepted Answer

D
Explanation: D)Stu

Question 18

Parasitic species tend to have simple morphologies.Which of the following statements best explains this observation?

Accepted Answer

A) Parasites are lower organisms,and this is why they have simple morphologies. 
B) Parasites do not live long enough to inherit acquired characteristics. 
C) Simple morphologies have been naturally selected for in most parasites. 
D) Parasites have not yet had time to progress,because they are young evolutionarily. 
A) Parasites are lower organisms,and this is why they have simple morphologies. 
B) Parasites do not live long enough to inherit acquired characteristics. 
C) Simple morphologies have been naturally selected for in most parasites. 
D) Parasites have not yet had time to progress,because they are young evolutionarily.

Question 19

Fishers typically target the largest,and thus,oldest fish.Given this fishing strategy,which of the following would be the most likely outcome due to natural selection over time on life history traits.Which of the following best predicts the effect of natural selection due to this fishing strategy on the life history traits of the commercially popular fish?

Accepted Answer

A) A greater proportion of the fish population would be made up of individuals that become reproductively mature at a smaller size,and,thus,an earlier age. 
B) A greater proportion of the fish population would be made up of individuals that become reproductively mature at a larger size,and,thus,an older age. 
C) There would be no change in the life histories of these fish populations as a species' age at reproduction cannot change. 
D) A greater proportion of the fish population would be made up of individuals that become reproductively mature at a smaller size,and,thus,an older age. 
A) A greater proportion of the fish population would be made up of individuals that become reproductively mature at a smaller size,and,thus,an earlier age. 
B) A greater proportion of the fish population would be made up of individuals that become reproductively mature at a larger size,and,thus,an older age. 
C) There would be no change in the life histories of these fish populations as a species' age at reproduction cannot change. 
D) A greater proportion of the fish population would be made up of individuals that become reproductively mature at a smaller size,and,thus,an older age.

Question 20

Which of the following is a fitness trade-off?

Accepted Answer

A)  In some hornbill species, the male helps seal the female in a tree with her nest until the young are ready to fledge. 
B)  Moths are the best pollinators for datura flowers, but bees are the best pollinators for orchids. 
C)  Some lemmings run into the sea when overgrazing threatens the species. 
D)  Algal genotypes that can grow fast in nitrogen-limited environments are easier for predators to digest. 
A)  In some hornbill species, the male helps seal the female in a tree with her nest until the young are ready to fledge. 
B)  Moths are the best pollinators for datura flowers, but bees are the best pollinators for orchids. 
C)  Some lemmings run into the sea when overgrazing threatens the species. 
D)  Algal genotypes that can grow fast in nitrogen-limited environments are easier for predators to digest.

Exam 24: Evolution by Natural Selection

Vestigial traits and neutral changes in DNA sequences are good examples of

Gill pouches in chick,human,and house-cat embryos are an example of

The changes in the commercially popular fish populations' life history traits is an example of what type of selection pressure?

A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field.For the first few years,the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies;but after several years,the farmer sees more and more pigweed.Which of these explanations best describes this observation?

Researchers have found fossils of Eocene horse species in Colorado.Deeper deposits contain smaller species,and more recent deposits contain larger species.How does this observation support the theory of evolution?

Which of the following has the highest Darwinian fitness?

Explain how one of the following supports the idea that species change through time: artificial selection,extinction,transitional forms,vestigial traits,or antibiotic resistance.

Which of the following scientists argued that variation among individuals allows evolution to occur?

Which of the following is an example of acclimation?

You sequence the genes that code for an important glycolytic enzyme in a moth,a mushroom,a worm,and an alga,and find a high degree of sequence similarity among these distantly related species.This is an example of

Parasitic species tend to have simple morphologies.Which of the following statements best explains this observation?

Which of the following is a fitness trade-off?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioural Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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