Exam 5: An Introduction to Carbohydrates

An important step in utilizing complex carbohydrates as an energy source is to break their glycosidic linkages.This is necessary because the digestive system cannot absorb any carbohydrates larger than a monosaccharide.Using information in your textbook (Chapter 5 and the chapters on digestion),compile a list of at least five enzymes that can accomplish this.Identify each enzyme's substrate and reaction products.You may include enzymes found in any organism.

If you were going to develop a new antibiotic,you would probably need to become an expert on which of these carbohydrates?

Which of the following can vary among monosaccharides?

Compare the molecular formula of a carbohydrate (CH₂O)n with that of carbon dioxide (CO₂).What does the presence of hydrogen atoms in carbohydrates indicate?

Which of the following polysaccharides is made up of parallel strands joined together by hydrogen bonds?

Which of the following molecules would you expect to have the most free energy per gram?

Which of the following polysaccharides is made up of parallel strands joined together by peptide bonds?

A glycosidic linkage is analogous to which of the following in proteins?

In animals,the role of carbohydrate polymers is primarily

Dairy cattle were unknown in Thai culture until recently,and 97% percent of Thai people are lactose intolerant as adults.Which explanation for such widespread lactose intolerance is most likely correct?

Which of the following structural features is common to cellulose,chitin,and peptidoglycan?

Enzymes that readily break starch apart cannot hydrolyze the glycosidic linkages found in cellulose.Why is this logical?

Why do endurance athletes practice "carbohydrate loading," meaning to eat massive amounts of starch in the days leading up to a long race?

The term carbohydrate is appropriate because of which of the following characteristics of sugars?

Peptidoglycan forms sheets that stiffen the cell walls of bacteria.How is the formation of sheets possible?

Which polysaccharide is an important component in the structure of many animals and fungi?

Which of the following sugars might have the formula C₆H₁₂O₆?

Which of the following structures is most consistent with Kawakubo's description of this antibiotic?

Which of the following enzymes catalyzes the hydrolysis of α-glycosidic linkages in glycogen?

Kawakubo's group created a glycoprotein with a terminal NAG (i.e.,a protein with NAG attached to its end).Their hypothesis is that the terminal NAG-and not the protein component-is responsible for the damage to the cell wall in H.pylori.What would be the most appropriate control for testing this hypothesis?