Question 1

What is the right sequence of steps during infection of plants by nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

Accepted Answer

A) Rhizobia release Nod factors;roots release flavonoids;rhizobia proliferate inside of root hair;infection thread grows into the root cortex;nodule forms. 
B) Rhizobia release flavonoids;roots release Nod factors;rhizobia proliferate inside of root hair;infection thread grows into the root cortex;nodule forms. 
C) Roots release flavonoids;rhizobia release Nod factors;rhizobia proliferate inside of root hair;nodule forms;infection thread grows into the root cortex. 
D) Roots release flavonoids;rhizobia release Nod factors;rhizobia proliferate inside of root hair;infection thread grows into the root cortex;nodule forms. 
E) Roots release Nod factors;rhizobia release flavonoids;rhizobia proliferate inside of root hair;nodule forms;infection thread grows into the root cortex. 
A) Rhizobia release Nod factors;roots release flavonoids;rhizobia proliferate inside of root hair;infection thread grows into the root cortex;nodule forms. 
B) Rhizobia release flavonoids;roots release Nod factors;rhizobia proliferate inside of root hair;infection thread grows into the root cortex;nodule forms. 
C) Roots release flavonoids;rhizobia release Nod factors;rhizobia proliferate inside of root hair;nodule forms;infection thread grows into the root cortex. 
D) Roots release flavonoids;rhizobia release Nod factors;rhizobia proliferate inside of root hair;infection thread grows into the root cortex;nodule forms. 
E) Roots release Nod factors;rhizobia release flavonoids;rhizobia proliferate inside of root hair;nodule forms;infection thread grows into the root cortex. D

Question 2

While hiking in a forest,you notice an unusual plant growing on the branches of a tree.What will help you to determine if this plant is epiphytic or parasitic?

Accepted Answer

A) If the plant is green,it is epiphytic;if not,then it is parasitic. 
B) The root of an epiphytic plant will be in the soil,but a parasitic plant will grow from the trunk of a tree. 
C) The roots of a parasitic plant will penetrate under the bark into the tree xylem,and the roots of an epithetic plant will not. 
D) The epithetic plant will have leaves forming tanks collecting water,and the parasitic plant will not. 
E) All of the above apply. 
A) If the plant is green,it is epiphytic;if not,then it is parasitic. 
B) The root of an epiphytic plant will be in the soil,but a parasitic plant will grow from the trunk of a tree. 
C) The roots of a parasitic plant will penetrate under the bark into the tree xylem,and the roots of an epithetic plant will not. 
D) The epithetic plant will have leaves forming tanks collecting water,and the parasitic plant will not. 
E) All of the above apply. C

Question 3

Figure 38.2  
-The IRT1 gene is responsible for most of the iron uptake activity in roots (Vert et al.,Plant Cell 14 [2002]:1223-33).To determine the specificity of the IRT1 transporter in Arabidopsis plants,researchers measured the concentration of manganese,zinc,copper,and cobalt contained in wild-type and irt1-1 mutant plants.What conclusions about IRT1 specificity can you draw from the above data?

Accepted Answer

A) Under iron-deficient conditions,IRT1 is highly specific for Fe. 
B) Under iron-deficient conditions,IRT1 is important for the transport of iron and copper. 
C) IRT1 is important for the transport of iron and copper independent of iron concentration. 
D) Under iron-deficient conditions,IRT1 is necessary for the transport of iron,zinc,manganese,and cobalt. 
E) IRT1 participates in the transport of iron,zinc,manganese,and cobalt independent of iron concentration. 
A) Under iron-deficient conditions,IRT1 is highly specific for Fe. 
B) Under iron-deficient conditions,IRT1 is important for the transport of iron and copper. 
C) IRT1 is important for the transport of iron and copper independent of iron concentration. 
D) Under iron-deficient conditions,IRT1 is necessary for the transport of iron,zinc,manganese,and cobalt. 
E) IRT1 participates in the transport of iron,zinc,manganese,and cobalt independent of iron concentration. D

Question 4

What is phytoremediation?

Accepted Answer

A) use of plants as medicine 
B) use of plants in alternative medicine 
C) use of plants to reduce soil erosion 
D) use of plants to clean up contaminated soil and water 
A) use of plants as medicine 
B) use of plants in alternative medicine 
C) use of plants to reduce soil erosion 
D) use of plants to clean up contaminated soil and water

Question 5

You want to grow a plant that prefers neutral pH in a limestone soil.What should you add to the soil to improve plant growth?

Accepted Answer

A) sulfur (S + H₂O + 3/2 O₂↔2 H⁺ + SO₄²⁻) 
B) calcium carbonate (CaCO₃ +H₂O↔HCO₃⁻ + Ca²⁺ + OH⁻) 
C) aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)₃ + 2H+↔Al(OH)2⁺ + 2H₂O] 
D) potassium nitrate (KNO₃↔K⁺ + NO₃⁻) 
A) sulfur (S + H₂O + 3/2 O₂↔2 H⁺ + SO₄²⁻) 
B) calcium carbonate (CaCO₃ +H₂O↔HCO₃⁻ + Ca²⁺ + OH⁻) 
C) aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)₃ + 2H+↔Al(OH)2⁺ + 2H₂O] 
D) potassium nitrate (KNO₃↔K⁺ + NO₃⁻)

Question 6

In an experiment,you find that the addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to the soil improves the growth rate of tomato plants.Which of the following conclusions are supported by your experiment?

Accepted Answer

A) Hyphae of fungi were able to penetrate the walls of the tomato root cells. 
B) The soil used was deficient in nitrogen or phosphorus. 
C) Tomato plants associate with mycorrhizal fungi. 
D) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can supply tomato plants with nutrients and water. 
E) All of the above answers apply. 
A) Hyphae of fungi were able to penetrate the walls of the tomato root cells. 
B) The soil used was deficient in nitrogen or phosphorus. 
C) Tomato plants associate with mycorrhizal fungi. 
D) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi can supply tomato plants with nutrients and water. 
E) All of the above answers apply.

Question 7

Researchers are interested in improving crop plants to enable them to form a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.What genes would you need to transfer to a plant that does not associate with rhizobia to enable it to do so?

Accepted Answer

A) genes responsible for the synthesis of flavonoids and receptor for Nod factors 
B) genes responsible for the synthesis of Nod factors and receptor for flavonoids 
C) receptor for Nod factors and leghemoglobin gene 
D) genes responsible for the synthesis of Nod factors and receptor for flavonoids and leghemoglobin gene 
E) None of the above is sufficient,since many more genes need to be transferred. 
A) genes responsible for the synthesis of flavonoids and receptor for Nod factors 
B) genes responsible for the synthesis of Nod factors and receptor for flavonoids 
C) receptor for Nod factors and leghemoglobin gene 
D) genes responsible for the synthesis of Nod factors and receptor for flavonoids and leghemoglobin gene 
E) None of the above is sufficient,since many more genes need to be transferred.

Question 8

To determine the requirement of chlorine for plant growth,you decided to perform a hydroponic experiment.What solution are you going to use to grow control plants for comparison with chlorine-derived plants?

Accepted Answer

A) pure water 
B) water with chlorine 
C) water with macronutrients and chlorine 
D) water with micronutrients and chlorine 
E) water with essential elements 
A) pure water 
B) water with chlorine 
C) water with macronutrients and chlorine 
D) water with micronutrients and chlorine 
E) water with essential elements

Question 9

What kind of climate is most often associated with epiphytic plants?

Accepted Answer

A) warm 
B) humid 
C) sunny 
D) all of the above 
A) warm 
B) humid 
C) sunny 
D) all of the above

Question 10

What type of soil contains the highest amount of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

A) clay 
B) sand 
C) gravel 
D) silt 
A) clay 
B) sand 
C) gravel 
D) silt

Question 11

Both ectomycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia are able to supply plants with usable forms of nitrogen.From what sources do rhizobia and ectomycorrhizal fungi that are associated with plants obtain nitrogen?

Accepted Answer

A) Fungi absorb N₂ from the atmosphere,and rhizobia obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material. 
B) Fungi obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material,and rhizobia absorb N₂ from the atmosphere. 
C) They both absorb ammonia from soil,which they nitrify to NO₂⁻. 
D) They both absorb N₂ from the atmosphere. 
E) They both obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material. 
A) Fungi absorb N₂ from the atmosphere,and rhizobia obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material. 
B) Fungi obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material,and rhizobia absorb N₂ from the atmosphere. 
C) They both absorb ammonia from soil,which they nitrify to NO₂⁻. 
D) They both absorb N₂ from the atmosphere. 
E) They both obtain nitrogen by decomposition of organic material.

Question 12

Which of the following leads to soil erosion?

Accepted Answer

A) deforestation 
B) farming 
C) urban sprawl 
D) natural causes 
E) all of the above 
A) deforestation 
B) farming 
C) urban sprawl 
D) natural causes 
E) all of the above

Question 13

What is a typical habitat for carnivorous plants?

Accepted Answer

A) mangrove 
B) woodlands 
C) bog 
D) desert 
E) tundra 
A) mangrove 
B) woodlands 
C) bog 
D) desert 
E) tundra

Question 14

After mutagenesis,the bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti became unable to colonize Medicago truncatula plants due to the absence of recognition by the host plant.Which of the following genes is most likely the site of mutation?

Accepted Answer

A) nitrogenase 
B) flavonoid-synthesizing enzyme 
C) Nod factors 
D) leghemoglobin 
E) peptidoglycans of the bacterial cell wall 
A) nitrogenase 
B) flavonoid-synthesizing enzyme 
C) Nod factors 
D) leghemoglobin 
E) peptidoglycans of the bacterial cell wall

Question 15

Which of the following experiments is able to determine if an element is essential for plant growth?

Accepted Answer

A) chemical analysis of plant ash 
B) measuring the amount of the element in the soil before and after plant growth 
C) measuring the weight of the plant and soil before and after plant growth 
D) growth of a plant by hydroponics without an element 
E) all of the above 
A) chemical analysis of plant ash 
B) measuring the amount of the element in the soil before and after plant growth 
C) measuring the weight of the plant and soil before and after plant growth 
D) growth of a plant by hydroponics without an element 
E) all of the above

Question 16

Which of the following binds to clay particles?

Accepted Answer

A) potassium ions 
B) nitrate ions 
C) phosphoric acid 
D) carbon dioxide 
E) potassium and nitrate ions 
A) potassium ions 
B) nitrate ions 
C) phosphoric acid 
D) carbon dioxide 
E) potassium and nitrate ions

Question 17

After mutagenesis and screening,you have found a mutant that is able to grow in soil with high salt content.Chemical analysis showed that this plant has a decreased amount of Na⁺ relative to normal plants.What kind of mutation do you predict this plant contains?

Accepted Answer

A) mutation in the plasma membrane sodium channel 
B) mutation in the metallothioneins 
C) mutation in the tonoplast sodium channel 
D) mutation in the tonoplast antiporter 
E) none of the above 
A) mutation in the plasma membrane sodium channel 
B) mutation in the metallothioneins 
C) mutation in the tonoplast sodium channel 
D) mutation in the tonoplast antiporter 
E) none of the above

Question 18

Which of the following statements is not true about tropical soils?

Accepted Answer

A) They are nutrient poor. 
B) They are alkaline. 
C) They contain high concentration of iron oxides. 
D) They are rich in soil bacteria. 
E) All of the above are correct. 
A) They are nutrient poor. 
B) They are alkaline. 
C) They contain high concentration of iron oxides. 
D) They are rich in soil bacteria. 
E) All of the above are correct.

Question 19

Which criteria allow biologists to divide chemicals into macronutrients and micronutrients?

Accepted Answer

A) their availability in the soil 
B) the amounts in which plants need them 
C) the way they are used by plants 
D) whether or not they are essential for plant growth 
E) all of the above 
A) their availability in the soil 
B) the amounts in which plants need them 
C) the way they are used by plants 
D) whether or not they are essential for plant growth 
E) all of the above

Question 20

Why do plants use cotransporters instead of ion channels to transfer anions into cells?

Accepted Answer

A) Cotransporters are able to transfer anions against the membrane potential gradient,but ion channels cannot. 
B) Cotransporters are able to transfer anions against the concentration gradient,but ion channels cannot. 
C) Cotransporters are able to transfer anions against the proton gradient,but ion channels cannot. 
D) Anions are too bulky to be transported by ion channels. 
A) Cotransporters are able to transfer anions against the membrane potential gradient,but ion channels cannot. 
B) Cotransporters are able to transfer anions against the concentration gradient,but ion channels cannot. 
C) Cotransporters are able to transfer anions against the proton gradient,but ion channels cannot. 
D) Anions are too bulky to be transported by ion channels.

Exam 38: Plant Nutrition

What is the right sequence of steps during infection of plants by nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

While hiking in a forest,you notice an unusual plant growing on the branches of a tree.What will help you to determine if this plant is epiphytic or parasitic?

What is phytoremediation?

You want to grow a plant that prefers neutral pH in a limestone soil.What should you add to the soil to improve plant growth?

In an experiment,you find that the addition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to the soil improves the growth rate of tomato plants.Which of the following conclusions are supported by your experiment?

Researchers are interested in improving crop plants to enable them to form a symbiotic relationship with nitrogen-fixing bacteria.What genes would you need to transfer to a plant that does not associate with rhizobia to enable it to do so?

To determine the requirement of chlorine for plant growth,you decided to perform a hydroponic experiment.What solution are you going to use to grow control plants for comparison with chlorine-derived plants?

What kind of climate is most often associated with epiphytic plants?

What type of soil contains the highest amount of oxygen?

Both ectomycorrhizal fungi and rhizobia are able to supply plants with usable forms of nitrogen.From what sources do rhizobia and ectomycorrhizal fungi that are associated with plants obtain nitrogen?

Which of the following leads to soil erosion?

What is a typical habitat for carnivorous plants?

After mutagenesis,the bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti became unable to colonize Medicago truncatula plants due to the absence of recognition by the host plant.Which of the following genes is most likely the site of mutation?

Which of the following experiments is able to determine if an element is essential for plant growth?

Which of the following binds to clay particles?

After mutagenesis and screening,you have found a mutant that is able to grow in soil with high salt content.Chemical analysis showed that this plant has a decreased amount of Na⁺ relative to normal plants.What kind of mutation do you predict this plant contains?

Which of the following statements is not true about tropical soils?

Which criteria allow biologists to divide chemicals into macronutrients and micronutrients?

Why do plants use cotransporters instead of ion channels to transfer anions into cells?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioural Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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