Question 1

The basal cell in a plant embryo

Accepted Answer

A) develops from the root of the embryo. 
B) forms the suspensor that anchors the embryo. 
C) differentiates after gastrulation. 
D) divides to form cotyledons. 
E) divides to form hypocotyls. 
A) develops from the root of the embryo. 
B) forms the suspensor that anchors the embryo. 
C) differentiates after gastrulation. 
D) divides to form cotyledons. 
E) divides to form hypocotyls. B

Question 2

Figure 23.1  
-Which of the following axes in the plant are analogous to the anterior-posterior axis in an animal?

Accepted Answer

A) lateral axis 
B) adaxial-abaxial axis 
C) proximal-distal axis 
D) apical-basal axis 
A) lateral axis 
B) adaxial-abaxial axis 
C) proximal-distal axis 
D) apical-basal axis C

Question 3

What effect does PHANTASTICA have on plant development?

Accepted Answer

A) It induces leaf growth within a shoot apical meristem. 
B) It triggers transcription factors specific to the developing hypocotyl. 
C) It triggers the expression of genes that cause cells to form the upper surface of leaves. 
D) It induces growth of root apical meristems when nutrients are limited. 
A) It induces leaf growth within a shoot apical meristem. 
B) It triggers transcription factors specific to the developing hypocotyl. 
C) It triggers the expression of genes that cause cells to form the upper surface of leaves. 
D) It induces growth of root apical meristems when nutrients are limited. C

Question 4

Plant embryos cannot undergo gastrulation.What ensures the correct positioning of cells during plant embryogenesis?

Accepted Answer

A) cell movements inside the seed coat 
B) genetic differences among the cells 
C) cytoplasmic determinants in the cells 
D) different cell sizes and planes of mitosis 
E) expansion of the cotyledons 
A) cell movements inside the seed coat 
B) genetic differences among the cells 
C) cytoplasmic determinants in the cells 
D) different cell sizes and planes of mitosis 
E) expansion of the cotyledons

Question 5

Figure 23.2  
-Please refer to the elm tree shown in the figure above.What would be the likely phenotype of an elm that has the same genotype but grows in a forest?

Accepted Answer

A) Both elms have the same genotype and thus would look exactly the same as the one in the figure. 
B) Because of competition for light,the elm in the forest would likely be taller and would not have as much growth to the sides. 
C) Because of shading,the elm in the forest would likely be the same height as in the figure above,but would have less growth to the sides. 
D) Because of competition for resources,the elm in the forest would be shorter and would have more growth to the sides. 
A) Both elms have the same genotype and thus would look exactly the same as the one in the figure. 
B) Because of competition for light,the elm in the forest would likely be taller and would not have as much growth to the sides. 
C) Because of shading,the elm in the forest would likely be the same height as in the figure above,but would have less growth to the sides. 
D) Because of competition for resources,the elm in the forest would be shorter and would have more growth to the sides.

Question 6

If auxin was not present in a developing plant cell,which of the following would most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

A) It would trigger activation of MONOPTEROS and other regulatory factors specific to cells in the developing hypocotyls. 
B) It would trigger activation of MONOPTEROS and other regulatory factors specific to cells in the developing cotyledons. 
C) It would trigger activation of MONOPTEROS and other regulatory factors specific to cells in the developing root apical meristem. 
D)  It would trigger activation of MONOPTEROS and other regulatory factors specific to cells in the developing shoot apical meristem. 
A) It would trigger activation of MONOPTEROS and other regulatory factors specific to cells in the developing hypocotyls. 
B) It would trigger activation of MONOPTEROS and other regulatory factors specific to cells in the developing cotyledons. 
C) It would trigger activation of MONOPTEROS and other regulatory factors specific to cells in the developing root apical meristem. 
D)  It would trigger activation of MONOPTEROS and other regulatory factors specific to cells in the developing shoot apical meristem.

Question 7

Figure 23.1  
-On the figure above,which of the letters represents the radial axis?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C

Question 8

Meristematic tissue cells in plants are MOST similar to which kind of cells in animals?

Accepted Answer

A) somite cells 
B) ectodermal cells 
C) embryonic stem cells 
D) mesodermal cells 
A) somite cells 
B) ectodermal cells 
C) embryonic stem cells 
D) mesodermal cells

Question 9

Figure 23.1  
-On the figure above,which of the letters represents the apical axis?

Accepted Answer

A) A 
B) B 
C) C 
A) A 
B) B 
C) C

Question 10

The auxin produced in Arabidopsis embryos and Bicoid protein produced in Drosophila embryos have what similar function?

Accepted Answer

A) Both are regulatory transcription factors that serve as cell-to-cell signals. 
B) Both are cytoplasmic determinants-they are loaded into eggs by cells in the mother or by female reproductive tissues. 
C) Both trigger the transcription of homeotic loci-genes that specify the types of structures produced at a certain position. 
D) Both establish a concentration gradient that demarcates the anterior-posterior axis. 
A) Both are regulatory transcription factors that serve as cell-to-cell signals. 
B) Both are cytoplasmic determinants-they are loaded into eggs by cells in the mother or by female reproductive tissues. 
C) Both trigger the transcription of homeotic loci-genes that specify the types of structures produced at a certain position. 
D) Both establish a concentration gradient that demarcates the anterior-posterior axis.

Question 11

The ABC genes in Arabidopsis are considered homeotic genes.What could be a reason for this classification?

Accepted Answer

A) Each of the three genes codes for a different flower organ. 
B) Each gene codes for regulatory transcription factors. 
C) Each gene is similar in sequence to homeotic genes in Drosophila. 
D) Each gene codes for proteins similar to Hox genes in mice. 
E) Each gene directs different kinds of morphogenesis. 
A) Each of the three genes codes for a different flower organ. 
B) Each gene codes for regulatory transcription factors. 
C) Each gene is similar in sequence to homeotic genes in Drosophila. 
D) Each gene codes for proteins similar to Hox genes in mice. 
E) Each gene directs different kinds of morphogenesis.

Question 12

The floral meristem in flowering plants develops from the shoot apical meristem,which usually produces leaves.Which floral part is not a modified leaf?

Accepted Answer

A) sepal 
B) carpel 
C) stamen 
D) receptacle 
E) petal 
A) sepal 
B) carpel 
C) stamen 
D) receptacle 
E) petal

Question 13

Plant and animal development share a number of features,but differ in major ways as well.Which of the following best summarizes the differences between the two forms of development?

Accepted Answer

A) Animal tissues are irreversibly differentiated;plant tissues retain plasticity throughout life. 
B) Animal cells frequently undergo programmed cell death;plant cells do not. 
C) Animal development is controlled by regulatory gene sets such as Hox genes;plants have no similar control systems. 
D) Animal gametes are produced only after maturity is reached;plant gametes can be produced throughout a plant's lifetime. 
A) Animal tissues are irreversibly differentiated;plant tissues retain plasticity throughout life. 
B) Animal cells frequently undergo programmed cell death;plant cells do not. 
C) Animal development is controlled by regulatory gene sets such as Hox genes;plants have no similar control systems. 
D) Animal gametes are produced only after maturity is reached;plant gametes can be produced throughout a plant's lifetime.

Question 14

In flowering plants,an event known as double fertilization occurs when

Accepted Answer

A) two sperm enter the ovule;one fertilizes the egg,and the other fertilizes a 2n cell to generate endosperm. 
B) two sperm cells fertilize one normal egg cell to make a 3n embryo,and the embryo later becomes 2n during a unique mitotic division. 
C) two eggs are simultaneously fertilized by two sperm nuclei. 
D) None of the above apply. 
A) two sperm enter the ovule;one fertilizes the egg,and the other fertilizes a 2n cell to generate endosperm. 
B) two sperm cells fertilize one normal egg cell to make a 3n embryo,and the embryo later becomes 2n during a unique mitotic division. 
C) two eggs are simultaneously fertilized by two sperm nuclei. 
D) None of the above apply.

Question 15

An elm tree is heavily shaded on one side due to growth of a nearby tree.How would the elm respond to such a change in its environment?

Accepted Answer

A) The elm tree cannot respond as only animals can respond to their environment. 
B) The elm tree would stop growing on the shaded side and grow more on the unshaded side. 
C) The elm tree would stop growing because of a lack of sunlight. 
D) The elm tree would become dormant until the nearby tree died. 
A) The elm tree cannot respond as only animals can respond to their environment. 
B) The elm tree would stop growing on the shaded side and grow more on the unshaded side. 
C) The elm tree would stop growing because of a lack of sunlight. 
D) The elm tree would become dormant until the nearby tree died.

Question 16

Organs in developing flowers include all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A) whorls. 
B) sepals. 
C) petals. 
D) carpels. 
E) stamens. 
A) whorls. 
B) sepals. 
C) petals. 
D) carpels. 
E) stamens.

Question 17

Plant and animal development share a number of features,but differ in major ways as well.Which of the following best summarizes the similarities between the two forms of development?

Accepted Answer

A) Both plants and animals develop from a process of single fertilization. 
B) Both plants and animals produce specialized tissues through irreversible processes of determination and differentiation. 
C) Both plants and animals produce gametes via meiosis followed by mitosis of haploid cells. 
D) Both plant and animal development depends on precise control of gene expression in time and in space. 
A) Both plants and animals develop from a process of single fertilization. 
B) Both plants and animals produce specialized tissues through irreversible processes of determination and differentiation. 
C) Both plants and animals produce gametes via meiosis followed by mitosis of haploid cells. 
D) Both plant and animal development depends on precise control of gene expression in time and in space.

Question 18

Which of the following would be a logical hypothesis for advantage(s)to holes in the leaves of the Madagascar lace plant?

Accepted Answer

A) Holes in the leaves allow increased surface area for herbivores. 
B) Holes in the leaves make it harder for competing plant species to see this plant. 
C) Holes in the leaves reduce the amount of food available to herbivores. 
D) Holes in the leaves increase the surface area to volume ratio of the plant. 
A) Holes in the leaves allow increased surface area for herbivores. 
B) Holes in the leaves make it harder for competing plant species to see this plant. 
C) Holes in the leaves reduce the amount of food available to herbivores. 
D) Holes in the leaves increase the surface area to volume ratio of the plant.

Question 19

Interactions between proteins on the surface of the pollen grain and on the surface of the stigma are necessary for fertilization to proceed.What is the correct sequence of events that follow this interaction?

Accepted Answer

A) growth of pollen tube,double fertilization,formation of sperm 
B) formation of sperm,growth of pollen tube,double fertilization 
C) double fertilization,growth of pollen tube,formation of sperm 
D) formation of sperm,double fertilization,growth of pollen tube 
E) growth of pollen tube,formation of sperm,double fertilization 
A) growth of pollen tube,double fertilization,formation of sperm 
B) formation of sperm,growth of pollen tube,double fertilization 
C) double fertilization,growth of pollen tube,formation of sperm 
D) formation of sperm,double fertilization,growth of pollen tube 
E) growth of pollen tube,formation of sperm,double fertilization

Question 20

In their study of the Madagascar lace plant,how did the researchers establish that the holes were formed through programmed cell death?

Accepted Answer

A) They tested for apoptosis using the TUNEL assay. 
B) They found suberin around the margins of the holes. 
C) They found no nutrients in the cells forming the hole. 
D) They tested for a waxy substance that triggered programmed cell death. 
A) They tested for apoptosis using the TUNEL assay. 
B) They found suberin around the margins of the holes. 
C) They found no nutrients in the cells forming the hole. 
D) They tested for a waxy substance that triggered programmed cell death.

Exam 23: An Introduction to Plant Development

The basal cell in a plant embryo

Figure 23.1 -Which of the following axes in the plant are analogous to the anterior-posterior axis in an animal?

What effect does PHANTASTICA have on plant development?

Plant embryos cannot undergo gastrulation.What ensures the correct positioning of cells during plant embryogenesis?

Figure 23.2 -Please refer to the elm tree shown in the figure above.What would be the likely phenotype of an elm that has the same genotype but grows in a forest?

If auxin was not present in a developing plant cell,which of the following would most likely occur?

Figure 23.1 -On the figure above,which of the letters represents the radial axis?

Meristematic tissue cells in plants are MOST similar to which kind of cells in animals?

Figure 23.1 -On the figure above,which of the letters represents the apical axis?

The auxin produced in Arabidopsis embryos and Bicoid protein produced in Drosophila embryos have what similar function?

The ABC genes in Arabidopsis are considered homeotic genes.What could be a reason for this classification?

The floral meristem in flowering plants develops from the shoot apical meristem,which usually produces leaves.Which floral part is not a modified leaf?

Plant and animal development share a number of features,but differ in major ways as well.Which of the following best summarizes the differences between the two forms of development?

In flowering plants,an event known as double fertilization occurs when

An elm tree is heavily shaded on one side due to growth of a nearby tree.How would the elm respond to such a change in its environment?

Organs in developing flowers include all of the following EXCEPT

Plant and animal development share a number of features,but differ in major ways as well.Which of the following best summarizes the similarities between the two forms of development?

Which of the following would be a logical hypothesis for advantage(s)to holes in the leaves of the Madagascar lace plant?

Interactions between proteins on the surface of the pollen grain and on the surface of the stigma are necessary for fertilization to proceed.What is the correct sequence of events that follow this interaction?

In their study of the Madagascar lace plant,how did the researchers establish that the holes were formed through programmed cell death?

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Behavioural Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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