Question 1

Which of the following has greatest coefficient of relatedness?

Accepted Answer

A) black bear siblings 
B) human fraternal twins 
C) worker honey bees 
D) tiger siblings 
A) black bear siblings 
B) human fraternal twins 
C) worker honey bees 
D) tiger siblings

Question 2

In red-winged blackbirds,which of the following stimuli elicited the greatest territorial defense response?

Accepted Answer

A) playing a recording of a blackbird call in the territory 
B) presenting a model of a male in the territory 
C) presenting both the model of a male,and playing the recording 
D) All of the above elicited equal responses. 
A) playing a recording of a blackbird call in the territory 
B) presenting a model of a male in the territory 
C) presenting both the model of a male,and playing the recording 
D) All of the above elicited equal responses.

Question 3

Which would be the best way to obtain evidence of a bird's cognitive abilities?

Accepted Answer

A) Observe the bird solving problems in the wild. 
B) In captivity,have the bird solve problems like those it would face in the wild. 
C) In captivity,have the bird attempt to solve novel problems. 
D) All of the above would obtain equal evidence toward thinking ability. 
A) Observe the bird solving problems in the wild. 
B) In captivity,have the bird solve problems like those it would face in the wild. 
C) In captivity,have the bird attempt to solve novel problems. 
D) All of the above would obtain equal evidence toward thinking ability.

Question 4

Figure 51.6 Use the following information and the figure below when answering the corresponding question(s).
The following are an abstract and figure from a paper that explores the evolutionary relationship between a protein kinase and behavior (M. Fitzpatrick and M. Sokolowski. 2004. In search of food: Exploring the evolutionary link between cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG)and behaviour. Integrative and Comparative Biology 44:28-36).
Abstract:
Despite an immense amount of variation in organisms throughout the animal kingdom many of their genes show substantial conservation in DNA sequence and protein function. Here we explore the potential for a conserved evolutionary relationship between genes and their behavioural phenotypes. We investigate the evolutionary history of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG)and its possible conserved function in food-related behaviours. First identified for its role in the foraging behaviour of fruit flies, the PKG encoded by the foraging gene had since been associated with the maturation of behaviour (from nurse to forager)in honey bees and the roaming and dwelling food-related locomotion in nematodes. These parallels encouraged us to construct protein phylogenies using 32 PKG sequences that include 19 species. Our analyses suggest five possible evolutionary histories that can explain the apparent conserved link between PKG and behaviour in fruit flies, honey bees and nematodes. Three of these raise the hypothesis that PKG influences the food-related behaviours of a wide variety of animals including vertebrates. Moreover it appears that the PKG gene was duplicated some time between the evolution of nematodes and a common ancestor of vertebrates and insects whereby current evidence suggest only the for-like PKG might be associated with food-related behaviour.
   
Neighbour joining trees depicting the evolutionary relationships of 32 PKG kinase domain and C-terminal amino acid sequences spanning 19 species of protozoans and metazoans. Values at the nodes represent the results of 5000 bootstrap replications. Lineages with known behavioral links with PKG are indicated by grey branches.
-Looking at this evolutionary relationship of protein kinases in the figure above,and knowing there is evidence that this particular protein kinase is linked to food-related behaviors in the animals studied,what conclusions can you draw?

Accepted Answer

A) PKG influences food-related behaviours in a wide variety of animals. 
B) There is enormous variation in amino acid sequences between taxa. 
C) There is likely a conserved evolutionary relationship between these genes and their behavioral phenotype. 
D) PKG influences food-related behaviours in a wide variety of animals,and there is enormous variation in amino acid sequences between taxa. 
E) PKG influences food-related behaviours in a wide variety of animals,and there is likely a conserved evolutionary relationship between these genes and their behavioral phenotype. 
A) PKG influences food-related behaviours in a wide variety of animals. 
B) There is enormous variation in amino acid sequences between taxa. 
C) There is likely a conserved evolutionary relationship between these genes and their behavioral phenotype. 
D) PKG influences food-related behaviours in a wide variety of animals,and there is enormous variation in amino acid sequences between taxa. 
E) PKG influences food-related behaviours in a wide variety of animals,and there is likely a conserved evolutionary relationship between these genes and their behavioral phenotype.

Question 5

You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only pretends to hide food.What kind of experiment could you perform to test whether this was random or in response to another signal?

Accepted Answer

A) Observe more of these behaviors in the wild and try to determine if the behaviour is random. 
B) Hypothesize a set of signals that could produce this behavior and try to match the behaviours with the signals. 
C) Attempt to reproduce the behaviour in captivity by using bird models and a computer simulation. 
D) All of the above would be excellent experiments. 
A) Observe more of these behaviors in the wild and try to determine if the behaviour is random. 
B) Hypothesize a set of signals that could produce this behavior and try to match the behaviours with the signals. 
C) Attempt to reproduce the behaviour in captivity by using bird models and a computer simulation. 
D) All of the above would be excellent experiments.

Question 6

How could you test whether male dewlaps (a colourful flap of skin hanging from an anole lizard's throat)were an important cue for female egg production?

Accepted Answer

A) Remove dewlaps from females and measure corresponding egg production. 
B) Relate size of male dewlap to female dewlap. 
C) Remove dewlaps from courting males and measure corresponding female egg production. 
D) All of the above answers apply. 
A) Remove dewlaps from females and measure corresponding egg production. 
B) Relate size of male dewlap to female dewlap. 
C) Remove dewlaps from courting males and measure corresponding female egg production. 
D) All of the above answers apply.

Question 7

Figure 51.2  
-In the figure above,do the data support the hypothesis that females need spring-like light conditions to produce mature follicles?

Accepted Answer

A) yes 
B) no 
C) cannot be determined 
A) yes 
B) no 
C) cannot be determined

Question 8

Lobsters can navigate back home at night using Earth's magnetic field.Is this statement a proximate cause or an ultimate cause?

Accepted Answer

A) proximate cause 
B) ultimate cause 
A) proximate cause 
B) ultimate cause

Question 9

Learning has the most influence on behaviour when

Accepted Answer

A) making mistakes does not result in death. 
B) animals have parents or other sources to learn from. 
C) animals have enormous cognitive ability. 
D) making mistakes does not result in death,and when animals have parents or other sources to learn from. 
E) animals have parents or other sources to learn from,and when animals have enormous cognitive ability. 
A) making mistakes does not result in death. 
B) animals have parents or other sources to learn from. 
C) animals have enormous cognitive ability. 
D) making mistakes does not result in death,and when animals have parents or other sources to learn from. 
E) animals have parents or other sources to learn from,and when animals have enormous cognitive ability.

Question 10

In which quadrant of the figure above would bird migration be plotted?

Accepted Answer

A) quadrant A 
B) quadrant B 
C) quadrant C 
D) quadrant D 
A) quadrant A 
B) quadrant B 
C) quadrant C 
D) quadrant D

Question 11

Based on your knowledge of cost-benefit analysis,why would you expect some white-fronted bee-eaters to fly very far away from the nests to forage when there are food sources nearby?

Accepted Answer

A) There might be some plentiful food sources further away. 
B) Competition for food is too intense near the nest. 
C) Food near the nest is usually of lower quality. 
D) Predation is highest closest to the nest. 
A) There might be some plentiful food sources further away. 
B) Competition for food is too intense near the nest. 
C) Food near the nest is usually of lower quality. 
D) Predation is highest closest to the nest.

Question 12

In the case of the redback spider,would males be better off,in terms of fitness,looking for another female to mate with instead of provoking his mate to eat him?

Accepted Answer

A) Yes,this would greatly increase his fitness,as he would be able to produce more offspring and with a variety of mates increasing the chance that some of his offspring would survive. 
B) No,this would decrease his fitness as he would likely not find a second mate and would decrease his sperm transfer to the female he has found. 
C) Yes,this would increase his fitness,as it would provoke the first female to allow him to mate more,and he would get a second mating opportunity with another female. 
D) No,this would decrease his fitness,as his first mate would expel his sperm once he left the area. 
A) Yes,this would greatly increase his fitness,as he would be able to produce more offspring and with a variety of mates increasing the chance that some of his offspring would survive. 
B) No,this would decrease his fitness as he would likely not find a second mate and would decrease his sperm transfer to the female he has found. 
C) Yes,this would increase his fitness,as it would provoke the first female to allow him to mate more,and he would get a second mating opportunity with another female. 
D) No,this would decrease his fitness,as his first mate would expel his sperm once he left the area.

Question 13

You observe a species of bird that,upon hatching,has contact with its parents only while being fed.You also never hear the parents sing during the feeding process.What would you propose about song learning in this species of bird?

Accepted Answer

A) Song learning in this species is most likely learned. 
B) The period of imprinting is likely later in the bird's life. 
C) This species does not hear. 
D) Song learning in this species is most likely innate. 
A) Song learning in this species is most likely learned. 
B) The period of imprinting is likely later in the bird's life. 
C) This species does not hear. 
D) Song learning in this species is most likely innate.

Question 14

You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only pretends to hide food.Your experiments associate the presence of other siblings with the frequency of pretending to cache food.A colleague shows you animals of the same species that do not perform this pretend caching.How does this information affect your conclusions about this behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A) It suggests that this behaviour might be learned. 
B) It prevents you from making conclusions. 
C) It suggests that your experimental design is flawed. 
D) It does not affect anything. 
A) It suggests that this behaviour might be learned. 
B) It prevents you from making conclusions. 
C) It suggests that your experimental design is flawed. 
D) It does not affect anything.

Question 15

What was the main reason the honeybees would switch from the "round dance" to the "waggle dance"?

Accepted Answer

A) The ratio of females to males in the hive shifted. 
B) The preferred food source was farther away. 
C) The original food source was exhausted. 
D) An intruder approached the hive. 
A) The ratio of females to males in the hive shifted. 
B) The preferred food source was farther away. 
C) The original food source was exhausted. 
D) An intruder approached the hive.

Question 16

You see young spiders hatch from eggs,and,within 5 hours,they are dispersing far from their parents and forming webs.What can you hypothesize about their behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A) Web-building is innate since there is no parental involvement. 
B) Web-building is learned by observation. 
C) Web-building is a random behavior. 
D) Web-building is an inflexible behavior. 
A) Web-building is innate since there is no parental involvement. 
B) Web-building is learned by observation. 
C) Web-building is a random behavior. 
D) Web-building is an inflexible behavior.

Question 17

Figure 51.4  
-In the diagrams shown in the figure above,which dance is indicating that the food is the farthest from the hive?

Accepted Answer

A) dance A 
B) dance B 
C) dance C 
D) All of the above indicate the same distance from the hive. 
A) dance A 
B) dance B 
C) dance C 
D) All of the above indicate the same distance from the hive.

Question 18

It is rather easy to understand why relatives help each other in the animal kingdom-they share some of the same genes,and some self-sacrificing behaviour will help the greater sum of their genes.What would be a reason for self-sacrificing behaviour to have evolved in animals that are unrelated?

Accepted Answer

A) This behaviour might elicit a benefit at some future point in time. 
B) This behaviour might have aided groups of unrelated animals. 
C) This behaviour might have arisen due to genetic drift. 
D) Answers A and B both apply. 
E) Answers A and C both apply. 
A) This behaviour might elicit a benefit at some future point in time. 
B) This behaviour might have aided groups of unrelated animals. 
C) This behaviour might have arisen due to genetic drift. 
D) Answers A and B both apply. 
E) Answers A and C both apply.

Question 19

Homing pigeons' ability to always return to their home,no matter where they are released,is an excellent example of

Accepted Answer

A) piloting. 
B) compass orientation. 
C) true navigation. 
D) all of the above. 
A) piloting. 
B) compass orientation. 
C) true navigation. 
D) all of the above.

Exam 51: Behavioural Ecology

Which of the following has greatest coefficient of relatedness?

In red-winged blackbirds,which of the following stimuli elicited the greatest territorial defense response?

Which would be the best way to obtain evidence of a bird's cognitive abilities?

You observe scrub jays hiding food and notice that one particular individual only pretends to hide food.What kind of experiment could you perform to test whether this was random or in response to another signal?

How could you test whether male dewlaps (a colourful flap of skin hanging from an anole lizard's throat)were an important cue for female egg production?

Figure 51.2 -In the figure above,do the data support the hypothesis that females need spring-like light conditions to produce mature follicles?

Lobsters can navigate back home at night using Earth's magnetic field.Is this statement a proximate cause or an ultimate cause?

Learning has the most influence on behaviour when

In which quadrant of the figure above would bird migration be plotted?

Based on your knowledge of cost-benefit analysis,why would you expect some white-fronted bee-eaters to fly very far away from the nests to forage when there are food sources nearby?

In the case of the redback spider,would males be better off,in terms of fitness,looking for another female to mate with instead of provoking his mate to eat him?

You observe a species of bird that,upon hatching,has contact with its parents only while being fed.You also never hear the parents sing during the feeding process.What would you propose about song learning in this species of bird?

What was the main reason the honeybees would switch from the "round dance" to the "waggle dance"?

You see young spiders hatch from eggs,and,within 5 hours,they are dispersing far from their parents and forming webs.What can you hypothesize about their behaviour?

Figure 51.4 -In the diagrams shown in the figure above,which dance is indicating that the food is the farthest from the hive?

It is rather easy to understand why relatives help each other in the animal kingdom-they share some of the same genes,and some self-sacrificing behaviour will help the greater sum of their genes.What would be a reason for self-sacrificing behaviour to have evolved in animals that are unrelated?

Homing pigeons' ability to always return to their home,no matter where they are released,is an excellent example of

Biology and the Tree of Life

Water and Carbon: the Chemical Basis of Life

Protein Structure and Function

Nucleic Acids and the Rna World

An Introduction to Carbohydrates

Lipids, membranes, and the First Cells

Inside the Cell

Cell-Cell Interactions

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Photosynthesis

The Cell Cycle

Meiosis

Mendel and the Gene

Dna and the Gene: Synthesis and Repair

How Genes Work

Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation

Control of Gene Expression in Bacteria

Control of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes

Analyzing and Engineering Genes

Genomics

Principles of Development

An Introduction to Animal Development

An Introduction to Plant Development

Evolution by Natural Selection

Evolutionary Processes

Speciation

Phylogenies and the History of Life

Bacteria and Archaea

Protists

Green Algae and Land Plants

Fungi

An Introduction to Animals

Protostome Animals

Deuterostome Animals

Viruses

Plant Form and Function

Water and Sugar Transport in Plants

Plant Nutrition

Plant Sensory Systems, signals, and Responses

Plant Reproduction

Animal Form and Function

Water and Electrolyte Balance in Animals

Animal Nutrition

Gas Exchange and Circulation

Electrical Signals in Animals

Animal Sensory Systems and Movement

Chemical Signals in Animals

Animal Reproduction

The Immune System in Animals

An Introduction to Ecology

Population Ecology

Community Ecology

Ecosystems

Biodiversity and Conservation Biology

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